With the gradual promotion of drug selection and evaluation in some provinces and cities in China,it is urgent for medical institutions to establish a complete and quantifiable drug selection and evaluation system. Based on the development of pharmacy and the adjustment of national drug policies in recent years,this guideline has revised and refined the evaluation indicators of drug evaluation and selection in medical institutions on the basis of the first version,so that the quantitative scoring can better reflect the priority of drugs in medical institutions,and also more fulfill the requirements of the national policy. Moreover,the scoring items are more detailed,clear and easy to use. In this guideline,five dimensions of pharmaceutical properties (28 points),effectiveness (27 points),safety (25 points),economy (10 points) and others (10 points) were quantified and scored,so as to objectively conduct selection and evaluation of drugs in medical institutions.

Objective To provide medical institutions with occupational exposure risk prevention and control strategies for cytotoxic drugs.Enhance the protective awareness of medical personnel and reduce potential occupational exposure risks. Methods The World Health Organization (WHO) guideline formulation manual was used to study and design the guidelines for the hierarchical control and protection of occupational exposure to cytotoxic drugs.Guide writing group collect exposure risk problems in various links such as the allocation and use of cytotoxic drugs after entering the hospital retrieval through systematic retrieval.The Delphi method was used to construct identify clinical issues, and evidence-based research methods were used to develop relevant evidences.The Delphi method was used to survey experts and identify clinical issues.Literature research and expert experience methods were utilized to compile relevant evidences.Quality evaluation was conducted using the GRADE method, and consensus was reached on the recommendation opinions and evidence levels through Delphi method.Ultimately,the “Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Occupational Exposure Risks to Cytotoxic Drugs in Medical Institution” was formulated. Results Through the online questionnaire survey of 143 experts, the Delphi method was used to reach a consensus on the guidelines.By combining engineering control, administrative control and personal protective equipment at different levels, a graded control approach was established.A total of 37 clinical issues were finally determined through hierarchical management and control, resulting 36 recommendations. Conclusion The guidelines covers seven steps after cytotoxic drugs enter the hospital, including transportation, reception, storage, unpacking, dispensing, finished product use, and waste treatment,which provide reference for medical institutions to develop cytotoxic drugs related prevention and control measures.Therefore, the possibility of occupational exposure to cytotoxic drugs could be reduced and the safety of medical personnel could be protected.

As a new method of drug combination therapy,drug-drug cocrystals can optimize the physicochemical properties of drugs,give play to the synergistic and dual drug therapeutic effects,and overcome the defects in traditional combination drugs without changing the chemical structure of the active components of the drug.In recent years,drug-drug cocrystal has been a hot research topic in solid chemical drug.This paper reviewed the design and prediction methods of drug-drug cocrystal,and the preparation methods and application advantages,to provide some reference for the subsequent application in drug research and development.

Since the first pharmaceutical cocrystal was reported in 1961,it has continuously gained interest from the industry due to its ability to improve the physicochemical properties,especially the thermodynamic solubility,flowability,hygroscopicity and taste of the active pharmaceutical ingredients.Additionally,recent works illustrated that forming cocrystals could improve the therapeutic effects and reduce the side effects,being closely watched in the modern pharmaceutic field.Some cocrystal-loaded drugs have already been marketed,and there are more cocrystals are being investigated or entering clinical trials.Hot melt extrusion is an advanced technologies that allow molecular-level mixing via applying heat,pressure,and mechanical force during the extrusion process.It is an environmentally friendly process because of free of using organic solvents.It is also an identical continuous process that offers higher productivity,better quality,and lower costs.The current review discussed the advantages of cocrystals from both pharmaceutical and physicochemical perspectives,as well as introduced the novel co-crystallization approaches utilizing continuous hot melt extrusion technologies.Furthermore,we analyzed in detail the current advantages and disadvantages of using such technologies and the challenges and opportunities we were facing.

Since the U.S.FDA approved the first deuterated drug,deuterated drugs have gradually become a research hotspot,because they can reduce metabolic efficiency,effectively prolong drug half-life,reduce the frequency of drug use and improve compliance.And they have the advantages of short research time,low cost and patent recognition.The problem that has long restricted the development of deuterated drugs is the detection method.Therefore,this paper summarized the detection methods and prospected the future development of the deuterated drug.

Objective To summarize the packaging standard system and its development in European Pharmacopoeia, and to provide reference for the establishment and optimization of the pharmaceutical packaging standard system in China. Methods The structure of the packaging standard system and the contents of the standards in European Pharmacopoeia were analyzed, the relationship between the standards was compared,and the applicability of the relevant strategy was evaluated. Results The packaging standard system in European Pharmacopoeia has remained relatively stable and been continuously improved in line with the needs of development.The standards of materials were of distinctive characteristics, and the suitability and operability of the standards are reasonably balanced. Conclusion The expectation management of packaging standards and the management policy of materials and accepted additives in European Pharmacopoeia are of great reference value to the construction of the pharmaceutical packaging standard system in our country.

Objective To study on the pharmaceutical packaging standard system and the latest progress in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP),and to provide reference for the establishment and optimization of the pharmaceutical packaging standard system in China. Methods The structure of the pharmaceutical packaging standard system in USP and their contents were analyzed,the relationship among the packaging products standards,method standards,guidance for pharmaceutical packaging in USP were compared and analyzed. Results The pharmaceutical packaging standard system in USP is relatively complete,and the evaluation standards for pharmaceutical packaging materials have distinctive characteristics.The applicability of the standards is more comprehensively throughout the entire life cycle of pharmaceutical packaging material and pharmacopoeia forum updates periodically. Conclusion The relatively complete standards for pharmaceutical packaging materials in USP,mutually-supporting product standards plus evaluation standards throughout the entire life cycle of pharmaceutical packaging material are of great reference value to the construction of Chinese pharmaceutical packaging standard system.

Objective To analyze the current situation of studied group standards of Chinese pharmaceutical packaging (GSCPP) to further improve the Chinese pharmaceutical packaging materials standards system. Methods From the perspective of time and region,we compared Chinese group standards with those of developed countries.We also overviewed the history of Chinese group standards and GSCPP was also sorted out. Results With the development of Chinese standards,group standards have become regulated and have their own laws.The advanced group standards have also attracted more sectors to engage in programs about standardization.By March 31,2023,the number of Chinese group standards has reached 54,908.Similarly,with the development of Chinese pharmaceutical packaging materials standards,GSCPP was also improved.There is a mature procedure for group standardization,and the concept of standardization is also advanced.GSCPP is improving,covering an increasing number of packaging.By March 2023,the number of GSCPPs has reached 21. Conclusion GSCPP is well developed and has become an indispensable part of the Chinese pharmaceutical packaging materials standards system.They will play an important role in rebuilding the standards system.They will also promote the development of the pharma industry.In the future,GSCPP need to continue to maintain their own healthy development,further deep integration with national standards,strengthen international cooperation to improve international influence,and promote the high-quality development of the industry through the optimization of the group standards system for pharmaceutical packaging materials.

Objective To analyze the situation of standards by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM) to provide a reference and guidance for establishment and improvement of the system of group standards for pharmaceutical packaging in China. Methods This paper uses literature research and case studies to analyze and outline the ASTM standards system through literature and case studies.Focusing on its working principles and characteristics,standards classification,and the citation of ASTM standards by other U.S standards,trying to sort out the situation and characteristics of standards related to pharmaceutical packaging. Results ASTM standards have a large of numbers and wide range of specialties. It is a typical market driven standard which has strong technical authority. ASTM standards not only have been adopted by global industries, but also many standards have been adopted in law and regulation as mandatory standards. Conclusion ASTM standards are the model of group standards.Although there are only a few standards related to pharmaceutical packaging,the development process and standardization characteristics have important reference significance for the development of group standards for pharmaceutical packaging products in China.

Objective To systematically study the solvatomorphism of 7- hydroxyisoflavone and to provide a scientific basis for the quality control of the solvated polymorphic impurities in this drug. Methods By analyzing the structure characteristics,crystal packing, and interactions of the obtained 7-hydroxyisoflavone solvates,two new solvates of 7-hydroxyisoflavone were prepared by mechanical chemical method.Single crystal X-ray diffraction,powder X-ray diffraction,differential scanning calorimeter,thermo gravimetric analysis and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the solvates.Furthermore,the stability of solvates was investigated. Results The two new solvates of 7- hydroxyisoflavone prepared in this work were all metastable crystal forms. Conclusion The metastable crystal forms can be prepared by mechanical chemical methods,providing new materials and technical support for enriching the types and the quality control of crystal forms.

Objective To prepare an amorphous sorafenib system,to evaluate its crystallization dynamic stability,and to discuss the inhibition effect of polymers on amorphous crystallization. Methods Amorphous sorafenib was prepared by the rotary evaporation method.The amorphous forming ability and crystallization kinetics stability of amorphous sorafenib were studied by non-isothermal multi-rate differential scanning calorimetry.The inhibitory effects of polymers on amorphous sorafenib crystallization were investigated by solubility and dissolution experiments in vitro. Results The kinetic fragility index was 48.The ratio of glass transition temperature to melting temperature was about 0.8.The reduced crystallization temperature was 0.51.The crystallization activation energy was 152.15 kJ·mol^-1.Avrami index was about 2.In 50 μg·mL^-1 methyl cellulose solution,the solubility and cumulative dissolution of the amorphous system were 1.43 and 2.17 times that of the pure amorphous drug,respectively. Conclusion Amorphous sorafenib has high crystallization dynamic stability.Methyl cellulose prolongs the supersaturation time of amorphous sorafenib.

Objective By analyzing the evolution of China's national pharmaceutical packaging material standards,the significance of pharmaceutical packaging material standards in ensuring drug safety,effectiveness,and accessibility is summarized,providing a reference for constructing the national pharmaceutical packaging material standard system. Methods Through reviewing the development process of national pharmaceutical packaging standards in China's pharmaceutical industry at different stages and under different regulatory models,the experience and shortcomings of establishing a national pharmaceutical packaging standard system in China were summarized. Results The national pharmaceutical packaging materials standard system in China has been closely followed by the development and regulatory needs of the pharmaceutical industry,continuously enhancing its connotation and sublimated its concept;The national pharmaceutical packaging material standard is an important guarantee for promoting the high-quality development of the pharmaceutical packaging material industry.The standard system of pharmaceutical packaging materials can effectively improve the quality of pharmaceutical packaging materials and ensure the safety,effectiveness,and accessibility of drugs only if it follows the changes of the new situation and constantly improves itself. Conclusion Drawing on the development trend of domestic and foreign pharmaceutical packaging materials and related field standard systems,establishing risk management concepts and full process management concepts based on ensuring drug safety and effectiveness,and accelerating the construction of a scientific,advanced,practical,and standardized national pharmaceutical packaging material standard system is an important task in the construction of Chinaese national pharmaceutical packaging material standard system.

Objective To introduce the standard system and content of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for pharmaceutical packaging materials, to provide reference for building China's standard system for pharmaceutical packaging materials,and to promote the development of China's pharmaceutical packaging industry. Methods The latest data and standards related to pharmaceutical packaging materials formulated by ISO/TC76 were collected and sorted.The structure and main content of ISO/TC76's standard system for pharmaceutical packaging materials were analyzed.And the latest progress in developing and revising standards was introduced. Results The ISO standard system for pharmaceutical packaging materials had a complete and clear structure,and the content of the standards was good both in scientific rigor and flexibility. Conclusion The ISO standard system is comprehensive,and most of the standards in ISO/TC76's standard system for pharmaceutical packaging materials are product standards.The Chinese Pharmacopoeia is an independent standard system structure.And its pharmaceutical packaging materials standards include not only conventional technical specifications,but also product testing methods, inspection rules,naming principles and other aspects.The ISO standard system for pharmaceutical packaging materials can provide some guidance for building China's standard system.We should pay attention to the scientificity and influence of ISO standards,while also dialectically understand ISO standards combining actual situations in China.

Pharmaceutical cocrystal,as one of the research directions of polymorphic drugs,has become a new hotspot in pharmaceutical research because of their characteristics of improving the physical and chemical properties without involving the chemical structure change of bulk drugs,thus improving the pharmaceutical properties of compounds.This article analyzed and summarized the general situation of patent applications and patent technology content from different perspectives by making statistics of domestic pharmaceutical cocrystal patent applications in last 20 years,and understands the development,current situation and current competition pattern of pharmaceutical cocrystal in China.The active pharmaceutical ingredient(API), cocrystal former(CCF)and patent protection objects in the patents were summarized.Solutions for patent invalidity were discussed to provide reference for the patent strategy planning and industrial policy formulation of pharmaceutical cocrystal development in China.It might also help Chinese research institutions and enterprises to save time and funds in the research and development of pharmaceutical cocrystal,and improve the starting point of research and development.

Objective To provide a reference for the construction of pharmaceutical packaging materials standards in the 2025 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia by analyzing the relevant content of pharmaceutical packaging materials in the 18th edition of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. Methods The standards for pharmaceutical packaging materials in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia were summarized and sorted.The form of the standard,the variety and items of packaging materials control,and the focus of quality control were introduced. Results The Japanese Pharmacopoeia adopts a general rule form,focusing on the quality control of glass,plastic,and rubber closure for injections by combining test methods and requirements.The standard also focuses on the evaluation of the packaging suitability, full life cycle management,establishment of control items based on the characteristics of the preparations,packaging integrity evaluation of sterile materials, and coordination with international standards. Conclusion The standard for packaging of preparations is an important basis for quality control of pharmaceutical packaging materials. Learning from the standard form and quality control focus in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia can help to improve and enhance the standards of pharmaceutical packaging materials in China to meet the needs of scientific regulation and industry development.

Objective To prepare and analyze phloretin-4,4'-bipyridine cocrystal,and to detect the solubility of the cocrystal. Methods A new cocrystal of phloretin with 4,4'-bipyridine(BPY)was prepared through liquid-assisted grinding,slurry crystallization,and evaporative crystallization.The cocrystal was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction,thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry,Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,and elemental analysis.The dissolution rate,equilibrium solubility,and stability of cocrystal samples were analyzed. Results The phloretin-4,4'-bipyridine cocrystal with higher purity was prepared in liquid-assisted grinding,slurry crystallization,and evaporative crystallization.The ratio of the amount of molecular substance was 1:1.The dissolution behavior of the cocrystal in three kinds of dissolution media reveal certain advantages compared with phloretin and the physical mixture.The solubility in pH=1.2 hydrochloric acid buffer solution was increased approximately by 1.60 folds compared to raw material.Furthermore,the cocrystal products remain stable under high temperatures and high humidity conditions. Conclusion Phloretin-4,4'-bipyridine cocrystal with good stability can significantly improve the solubility of phloretin.

Objective To observe the repair effect and mechanism of compound nitroglycerin gels on chronic and refractory wound healing. Methods HUVECs was treated with compound nitroglycerin gels in high glucose.CCK8、transwell and scratch assays were used to detect the effects of compound nitroglycerin gels on proliferation and migration.After full-thickness skin excision in the molding parts, the rats in the chronic wounds group have injected the hydrocortisone to make chronic wounds models;Masson staining was used to observe the changes and collagen in wound tissues.Expression of IL-1、IL-6 in serum was detected by ELISA. Results Compared with the model control group, compound nitroglycerin gels treatment promoted HUVECs proliferation, migration, and scratch healing.Compound nitroglycerin gels could increase the content ratio of collagen and decrease the expression levels of IL-1、IL-6. Conclusion Compound nitroglycerin gels can promote chronic and refractory wound healing, and its mechanism may be related to promoting the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, promoting collagen synthesis, reducing inflammation.

Objective To improve the construction of Chinese pharmaceutical packaging materials standards and standard systems to meet the industry development and regulatory requirements under the new situation. Methods The overview of the general situation of regulations and standard systems of food packaging materials at home and abroad was introduced,and the construction of food packaging and pharmaceutical packaging materials standards in China and abroad were compared. Results Learning from the advanced concepts and experiences of the food packaging standard system,composed of additive list standards,original material product standards,and testing method standards.Suggestions and strategies were proposed to improve Chinese pharmaceutical packaging material's standards and standards system. Conclusion Accelerating the construction of the standard system for Chinese pharmaceutical packaging materials is conducive to the industry's high-quality development and promoting the construction of a healthy China.

Medication reconciliation is a pharmaceutical service of comparing a patient's medication orders to all of the medications that the patient has been taking, and working with the medical staffs to adjust the plan and the inappropriate medicine.This reconciliation should be done by pharmacist at every critical transition of care, including the admission,transfer,and discharge.This standard was compiled by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Commission of the Chinese Hospital Association,and the process included problems identification,framework development,manuscript writing,opinions gathering,and standards development.This article is to describe the process of development medication reconciliation services standards,and interpret the standards by taking medication reconcilation for the elderly as an example.

In recent years, drug repurposing had gained popularity in the field of drug discovery and development.Many existing drugs and drug candidates underwent preclinical and clinical trials were redeveloped for new indications.The development of drug repurposing were developed by successful re-purposing of some famous drugs, including aspirin, thalidomide, sildenafil, and remdesivir.The discussion on drug repurposing could be divided into two parts:one was based on clinical treatment needs;The other was based on the discovery of new indications.Here we reviewed three drug repurposing strategies based on clinical treatment needs.One strategy is to select drugs that were already on the market according to the symptoms of the new disease.With a comprehensive understanding of the pathology and available drug options, drug repurposing could be done based on the root causes.Besides, consulting consensual empirical treatment plans of new diseases could be another valid strategy.

Objective To observe the effects of fixed-dose administration and administration by body mass on the anesthesia effect and recovery effect of a painless gastroscopy, and to explore the optimal dose of remifentanil combined with remimazolam mesylate in painless gastroscope. Methods A total of 200 patients who underwent painless gastroscopy in the endoscopy center of the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University were selected and randomly divided into four groups(W1, W2, F, and C groups): ideal body mass remimazolam mesylate 0.2 mg·kg^-1 (group W1), ideal body mass remimazolam mesylate 0.3 mg·kg^-1 (group W2), a fixed dose of 5 mg remimazolam mesylate (group F), ideal body mass propofol 1.5 mg·kg^-1 (group C), 50 cases in each group. All patients were given low-dose remifentanil 0.25 μg·kg^-1 (ideal body weight) for analgesic pretreatment and then intravenous bolus injection of the corresponding dose of remimazolam mesylate or propofol. Anesthesia effect, resuscitation quality, heart rate, blood pressure, pulse oxygen saturation, and perioperative adverse events were recorded; temporal changes in the modified observer's assessment of alert (MOAA/S) were recorded. Results In terms of the anesthetic effect of the first dose of the drug, group W2 had the highest success rate (96.0%), group C was 86.0%, group W1 was 72.0%, and group F was 10.0%, group F sedation is clearly lacking. In terms of changes in vital signs, the blood pressure of group F was higher than that of group W2 and group C after the first administration (P<0.05), and the blood pressure of group F was higher than that of the other three groups at two minutes after administration (P<0.05). The blood pressure in group W1 was higher than that in group C after the first administration (P<0.05). After the first administration and four minutes after administration, the MOAA/S score of group F was higher than that of group W2 and group C (P<0.05). The MOAA/S score of group C was significantly lower than that of group W1 four minutes after administration (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in heart rate changes, wake-up time, and discharge time among the four groups (P>0.05). In terms of adverse reactions, the incidence of choking in group F was 60.0%, which was significantly higher than that in the other three groups (P<0.01); the incidence of injection pain in group C was 36.0%, which was significantly higher than that in the other three groups (P<0.01). Conclusion Remimazolam mesylate combined with remifentanil can be safely used for painless gastroscopy, and the ideal body mass is 0.3 mg·kg^-1 remimazolam combined with 0.25 μg·kg^-1 remifentanil combination better.

Home care pharmacy practice is a new form of pharmaceutical care, which provideds by pharmacists to patients drugs at home by pharmacists. In order to standardize this practice, the Chinese Hospital Association Pharmaceutical Specialzed Committee specially organized the specialists from First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Military Medical University, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, West China Pharmaceutical College of Sichuan University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College to prepare the Home care pharmacy practice standard.This standard is based on the action plan for further improving medical services (2018-2020) and other policies.It is formulated based on the principles of coordination, universality, applicability and consistency.It is the first group standard in China to standardize the whole process of home care pharmacy practice through sorting out problems, collecting opinions and expert argumentation.This article expounds the formulation process of the home care pharmacy practice standard, and analyzes the content of the standard, so as to provide suggestions and guidance for primary medical and health institutions to carry out home care pharmacy practice, promote the quality of pharmaceutical care, and ensure the safety of patients' home medication.

Opioids are widely used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain.However,there are wide inter-individual variabilities in analgesic efficacy and adverse reactions.Pharmacogenetics study shows that gene polymorphism was closely related to the above interindividual variabilities,and more research was focused on CYP2D6 (cytochrome P450 2D6),μ opioid receptor (OPRM1),and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).In February 2021,the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) issued Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for CYP2D6,OPRM1,and COMT Genotypes and Select Opioid Therapy.Therefore,to provide the basis for individualized clinical medication,this paper interprets the guidelines,including summarizing CYP2D6,OPRM1,and COMT gene polymorphism of opioid analgesic effect and adverse reactions and putting forward treatment suggestions based on CYP2D6 genotype to guide clinical use codeine,tramadol,and hydrocodone.

Objective To investigate the neuroprotective effect of GJ-4 (extracted from traditional Chinese medicine Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis) in MPTP-induced sub-acute Parkinson's disease (PD) mice model, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods Male C57/BL6J mice were randomly divided into control group,MPTP model group,GJ-4-treated groups (25,50 and 100 mg·kg^-1) and L-Dopa treated group.The subacute PD model was developed by intraperitoneal injection of MPTP.Mice in all three GJ-4 treated groups and the L-Dopa group were orally administrated corresponding substances while mice in control group and MPTP model group was given 0.5% CMC-Na at same dose.All substances were given once a day for consecutive 12 days.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neuron in substantial nigra. Western blot was employed to examine TH and iNOS protein expression in midbrain;The mRNA expression level of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-1β,apoptosis-related protein Bax and Bcl-2 in the midbrains of mice were examined by qPCR. Results Comparing with MPTP-challenged mice,the motor behaviors of mice administrated with GJ-4 50 mg·kg^-1 and 100 mg·kg^-1 significantly improved in a dose-related manner (P<0.05).Comparing with MPTP-challenged mice,GJ-4 100 mg·kg^-1 could significantly increase the number of TH positive neuron in substantial nigra (P<0.01),TH protein expression in the midbrains of mice (P<0.01).And GJ-4 inhibit the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-1β in mice midbrain (P<0.05),inhibited Bax mRNA expression (P<0.05) in mice midbrain, and elevated Bcl-2 mRNA expression (P<0.05) in mice midbrain. Conclusion GJ-4 exerts a neuroprotective effect on sub-acute PD mice.And the underlying mechanisms may be through inhibiting neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis in mice central nervous system.

Objective To investigate of the current status and career development needs of clinical pharmacists in China,and to provide a reference for improving the quality of pharmaceutical services of clinical pharmacists. Methods The questionnaire was designed by the “wjx.cn” website,and promoted in WeChat,Dingxiangyuan,and other network platforms.The questionnaire was filled anonymously and collected for statistical analysis after 15 days. Results A total of 403 questionnaires were collected,and the Cronbach.α coefficient was 0.975.In all respondents,males accounted for 34.99% and females accounted for 65.01%;and 72.95% of them comes from Third-level hospitals.There were 39.95% of clinical pharmacists who had participated in one-year standardized training.There were 38.46% of hospital information systems(HIS) introduced prescription software,and 26.05% of the hospitals opened pharmacist-managed clinics.Clinical pharmacists mainly engaged in the anti-infective specialty(48.64%),cardiology specialty(9.43%),and oncology specialty(8.44%).There were 57.57% of clinical pharmacists believed that clinical departments had a good recognition of clinical pharmacists.The competency scores of clinical pharmacists ranged from 5.93 to 7.05(full score is 10 points).The personal development expectation of clinical pharmacists was supported by the following aspects:the emphasis on hospital leadership(87.34%),improvement of salary(80.89%),increasement of academic exchange opportunity(75.43%),and scientific research fund(57.82%). Conclusion Clinical pharmacy is in a rapid development period in China at present,and clinical pharmacists are gradually expanding from anti-infective specialty to other specialties.The software and hardware facilities for clinical pharmacy work are continually improved,and the recognition of clinical pharmacists by clinical departments is increasing.It will be beneficial for the current professional development of clinical pharmacists to improve the leadership's attention to the development of clinical pharmacy,increase the support of scientific research funds and academic exchange opportunities,and improve the salary.

Objective The clinical use of human albumin in inpatients was investigated and analyzed in combination with guidelines and clinical evidence,in order to provide a reference for follow-up evaluation of the rational use of human albumin and promote further rational use. Methods Data on the use of human albumin in inpatients from 120 hospitals in 9 regions of China from January 2016 to December 2020 were randomly selected,and the prescription quantity,drug quantity,consumption,department distribution,and indications were analyzed. Results A total of 756 055 prescriptions were selected in the study,and most human albumin products were imported.From 2016 to 2020,the use of human albumin showed a steady increasing trend.Compare to the average annual prescription quantity,drug quantity,and prescription amount of each hospital in 9 regions,the top three regions were Hangzhou,Guangzhou,and Chengdu,and Harbin was the lowest.The consumption of human albumin was huge,with an average annual consumption of 207 695-2 213 604 yuan per hospital.The top departments in terms of prescription quantity and prescription amount in 9 regions were the ICU and surgical system.The tumor prescriptions accounted for the largest proportion,followed by heart and liver diseases. Conclusion Human albumin was widely used,and some indications were still controversial,which required further evidence-based evaluation.It was necessary to carry out special comments by pharmacists in departments and disease fields where human albumin was used more frequently,in order to reduce the unreasonable use rate,reduce medical costs,and promote rational clinical use.