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  • Orginal Article
    Seng Han LIM,Hairui LI,Jing PAN,N.C.Gigi CHIU,Wai Keung CHUI,Lifeng KANG
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    Pharmacy education in Singapore adopts a patient-orientated approach.This article provides a general introduction to the education and practice of Pharmacy in Singapore through 3 major aspects,①Professional pharmacy degree;②Curriculum of the undergraduate and postgraduate pharmacy education;③Professional pharmacy practice and employment in Singapore.

  • Orginal Article
    Yang YU, Shibing LIU, Songyan LI, Ye XU
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    Objective To observe protective effects of allicin on heart and lung in aging mice induced by D-galactose,and try to explore the possible mechanism from the aspect of oxidative stress. Methods Fifty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into 5 groups:normal control group (group C),model control group (group D) and high-,middle-and low-dose of allicin groups (H,M,L group).The mice in group D,L,M and H were injected with D-galactose.At the same time,the mice in group L,M and H were injected with allicin.All of the injection lasted for 6 weeks.After that,athletic ability of the mice was evaluated by behavioral experiments.Malondialdehyde (MDA) content,superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the homogenate of heart and lung tissues were measured,and the expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 were tested in heart and lung. Results Behavioral experiment showed that standing time on Rota Rod System and continuous running time on mice treadmill were significantly shortened in group D as compared with group C (P<0.05),but those were prolonged in the allicin groups.Compared with group C,MDA content in homogenate of myocardium and lung tissues was significantly increased in group D (P<0.05),the activity of SOD was decreased (P<0.05) and T-AOC was decreased (P<0.05).As compared with group D,MDA content in allicin groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05),SOD activity increased (P<0.05) and A-TOC increased (P<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner.The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of Bax was significantly increased in group D as compared with group C,and the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased.After the intervention of allicin,expression of Bax was decreased in group L,M and H as compared with group D, and expression of Bcl-2 was increased as compared with group D.Expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 in lung tissues showed the same changing trend. Conclusion Allicin has a potential protect role on heart and lung in D-galactose-induced aging mice by increasing athletic ability,decreasing oxidative stress and decreasing cell apoptosis of myocardium and lung tissues.

  • Orginal Article
    Min XIAO,Yousheng YIN,Bin LENG,Qingchu LI,Kanghui LI,Jiazhi WEI
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    Objective To investigate the effect of raloxifene on ERα,ERβ and MT-1a expression in renal tubular epithelial cells contaminated with cadmium chloride,for exploring action mechanism. Methods Renal tubule cells were isolated from kidneys of new born SD rats and purified by Percoll.The cells of the second generation were selected for experiment.The cells were divided into 3 groups:blank control group,cadmium chloride group and raloxifene group.After 4 h,cell viability was detected by MTT,and after 24 h,mRNA and protein expression levels of ERα,ERβ and MT-1a in renal tissues were determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry technology,respectively. Results Compared with the blank control group,morphology of plenty cells were changed in cadmium chloride group,a number of cells were dead,and the survival rate was only 55.3%;at the same time,mRNA and protein expression levels of ERβ and MT-1a significantly increased (P<0.05).Compared with cadmium chloride group,only a small part of cells underwent morphological changes,and the survival rate was 88.6% in raloxifene group,and the mRNA and protein expression levels of ER β and MT-1a were significantly decreased (P<0.05).The expression of ERα showed no significant difference among the three groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Raloxifene can bond with ERβ competively,down-regulate MT-1a and decrease Cd-MT synthesis,so as to reduce cadmium-induced injury of renal tubular epithelial cells.

  • Orginal Article
    Xinli LIN,Zhuyuan FANG,Xuanxuan ZHU,Haidan WANG,Rui FU,Di ZHANG,Xuefei ZHANG
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    Objective To observe the effect of compound Yibazhen granules on treating early renal injury in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR),and to explore its mechanism. Methods Ten Wistar rats were served as normal control group.Sixty SHR were randomly divided into model control group,captopril group,Jane chrysanthemum antihypertension tablet group and compound high dose group,middle dose group and low dose group (n=10 each group) by digital table method.Captopril group was given captopril 30 mg·kg-1·d-1,and Jane chrysanthemum antihypertension tablet group was treated with Jane chrysanthemum antihypertension tablet (0.6 tablet per kg),compound Yibazhen granules high dose group,middle dose group and low dose group received compound of 13.18,6.59 and 3.30 mg·kg-1·d-1,respectively.Normal control group and model control group were intragastrically administered with 0.9% sodium chloride solution for 8 weeks.Changes of systolic and diastolic blood pressure of rats and blood urea,creatinine,nitric oxide (NO),nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ) were observed. Results Diastolic blood pressure of rats in compound Yibazhen granules high dose group,middle dose group and low dose group decreased significantly in 2 weeks.Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of compound Yibazhen granules high dose group decreased significantly in 4 weeks,compared with the model control group (P<0.05).Compared with the model control group,concentration of urea and creatinine in compound Yibazhen granules high dose group,middle dose group and low dose group were significantly lower(P<0.05).The content of NOS and AngⅡ in rats of compound Yibazhen granules high dose group decreased significantly and the contents of NO increased,which were compared with the model control group (P<0.05,P<0.01). Conclusion The protective effect of compound Yibazhen granules in treating early renal injury in SHR is related to decreasing diastolic blood pressure,concentration of urea,creatinine and AngⅡ and regulating the levels of NOS and NO.

  • Orginal Article
    Lu ZHONG,Hongyu JI,Yuting ZHUANG,Shuyuan WANG,Bo CHEN,Yuyang SUN,Linhua WU
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    Objective To study effects of Rupixiao granules on contraction of uterus of mice in vitro. Methods Mouse model with isolated uterine contraction was established.The mice pretreated with estradiol benzoate were sacrificed and then the uteri were taken out.The normal contractions were recorded by the biological function system.Effects of 10,20,30,40,50,60 mg·mL-1 Rupixiao granules on spontaneous and oxytocin-induced (5 U·L-1) uterine contractions were recorded,inhibition of Rupixiao granules on mean constriction amplitude,constriction frequency and contraction activity of pitocin-pretreated uterus was observed and the inhibition rates were calculated. Results Compared with the baselines,the amplitude,frequency,activity of spontaneous uterine contraction were significantly down-regulated by Rupixiao solution at a range of 10-60 mg·mL-1,as well as it could inhibit oxytocin-induced spasmodic contraction of isolated uterus at 10-50 mg·mL-1 (P<0.01). Conclusion The Rupixiao granules inhibits spontaneous contraction of isolated mouse uteri and oxytocin-induced spasm of uterine smooth muscle in vitro.

  • Orginal Article
    Gongping REN,Hui NA,Zhengxin LYU,Linlin SUN
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    Objective To investigate effects of capsaicin on proliferation,migration and invasion of human large cell lung carcinoma NCI-H460 and discuss the possible mechanisms by which capsaicin inhibits non-small cell lung cancer. Methods NCI-H460 cells were cultured in vitro,the test group treated with capsaicin at various concentrations.The control group treated with the same volume of dimethyl sulfoxide, the other experimental methods the same as the test group.Colony formation assay,wound healing assay,and transwell chamber invasion assay were used to detect the effects of capsaicin on proliferation,migration and invasion of NCI-H460 cells.Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of E-cadherin,N-cadherin,vimentin and snail. Results The rate of colony formation of 100,200,300 μmol·L-1 of capsaicin were (91.17±24.38)%,(43.22±12.91)% and (15.71±4.26)%,respectively,the control group was (99.53±21.25)%.the rate of migration of NCI-H460 cells of 25,50,100 μmol·L-1 of capsaicin were (85.83±17.43)%,(37.92±10.16)% and(21.08±6.39)%,respectively,the control group was (93.04±20.23)%.The number of invasion of NCI-H460 cells of 25,50,100 μmol·L-1 of capsaicin were (99.0±18.2),(75.0±17.9)and(52.0±14.1),respectively,the control group was (107.0±20.4).The middle and high-dose capsaicincould inhibit proliferation,migration and invasion of NCI-H460 cells (P<0.05),and E-cadherin expression level was significantly up-regulated and N-cadherin,Vimentin,Snail expression level was significantly down-regulated (P<0.05). Conclusion Capsaicin can inhibit proliferation,migration and invasion of NCI-H460 cells,the mechanism may be related to up-regulation of E-cadherin and down-regulation of N-cadherin,Vimentin and Snail expression levels.

  • Orginal Article
    Yating YANG,Xiaojun LYU,Suwen ZHOU,Wangping PAN,Kaiyong HE
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    Objective To study the antipyretic,anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Chaige Shubiao granules. Methods Animals were randomly divided into 6 groups:model control group,indomethacin group,Fengre Ganmao granules group and the high,the medium and the low dosage groups of Chaige Shubiao granules(26,13,6.5 g·kg-1).Each group was administered via intragastric administration once a day for 5 days.Rat model suffering from fever by dried yeast,relieving fever of Chaige Shubiao granules was investigated;Rats with toe swelling by 1% carrageenin and mice with ear swelling by dimethylbenzene were applied to observe anti-inflammatory effects of Chaige Shubiao granules were observed;The pain models induced by 0.6% acetic acid and the hot-plate tests in mice were used to observe the analgesic effects of Chaige Shubiao granules. Results Compared with model control group,Chaige Shubiao granules in high dosage could obviously decrease the temperature of rat with fever induced by dried yeast 0.5 h later,and the medium dosage group decreased 4-6 h later.Moreover,Chaige Shubiao granules in high dosage could inhibit inflammatory reaction of rat with toe swelling caused by albumen at 1 h,2 h,3 h,when the medium dosage group inhibited at 2 h,3 h,4 h.The inhibition ratio of the mice with ear swelling induced by dimethylbenzene was 58.2%,52.0% and 53.9%,respectively at the high,medium and low dose groups.And the inhibition ratio of retortion of mice by 0.6% acetic acid was 50.5%,68.8%,58.1%,respectively, at the high,medium and low dose groups.In addition,the high,medium and low dose groups reduced the pain reaction latency of mice in the hot-plate tests. Conclusion Chaige Shubiao granules have antipyretic,anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions.

  • Orginal Article
    Wenqin YAO,Dinyu WANG,Yuanzhong LIU,Rongmin DANG,Hen WANG,Hongshu XIE
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    Objective To investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Tetrastigma hypoglaucum Planch in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Sixty SD rats were ramdomly divided into normal control group,model control group,low-,middle-and high-dose Tetrastigma hypoglaucum Planch groups (50,100 and 200 mg·kg-1,respectively),and tripterygium glycosides tablet group.Except for normal control group,rheumatoid arthritis model was established by using bovine type Ⅱ collagen in SD rats of the other groups.Organ index,plasma levels of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α and anti-CⅡ in rat rheumatoid arthritis models were evaluated. Results The kidney index of the low-dose/middle-dose Tetrastigma hypoglaucum Planch groups were significantly different from that of the model control group (P<0.05).Significant difference was also found in the spleen index between the high-dose Tetrastigma hypoglaucum Planch group and the normal control group (P<0.05).The plasma levels of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α and anti-CⅡ antibody were significantly higher in the model control group than in the normal control group.Meanwhile,the plasma IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α levels of the middle-dose/high-dose Tetrastigma hypoglaucum Planch groups were significantly lower than those of the model group (P<0.01).The levels of anti-CII antibody were significantly lower in the low-,middle-and high-dose Tetrastigma hypoglaucum Planch groups than in the model control group. Conclusion It is worthwhile to explore and develop Tetrastigma hypoglaucum Planch since it possesses immunomodulatory effects and may be applied in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

  • Orginal Article
    Kun LU,Jianping JIANG,Hui GUO,Yichuan LI
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    Objective To observe the effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on serum interleukin 8 (IL-8),interleukin 12 (IL-12) and interleukin 33 (IL-33) levels and MMP-10 and NF-κB protein expression in joint synovial tissues in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA),and further to investigate the mechanism for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Rats were randomly divided into normal control group(n=10),model control group,dexamethasone group,low-dose of TMP and high-dose of TMP groups (n=9 each).The CIA model was established in all the groups except for the normal control group.Rats of dexamethasone group were given 2 mg·kg-1 of dexamethasone;Rats of low-dose and high-dose of TMP group were given 50,100 mg·kg-1 of TMP, respectively.The toe volume and arthritis index (AI) were used to evaluate joint inflammation.The levels of IL-8,IL-12 and IL-33 in the serum of rats were detected by ELISA.The expression levels of MMP-10 and NF-κB in joint synovial were detected by Western blotting. Results Compared with model control group,the toe volume and AI were significantly reduced in high-dose of TMP groups and dexamethasone groups,and levels of IL-8,IL-12 and IL-33 and the expression levels of MMP-10 and NF-κB were decreased significantly (P<0.01).TMP (50 mg·kg-1) could obviously decrease the toe volume and the levels of IL-8 and IL-33.There was no statistical difference in other indices (P>0.05). Conclusion TMP at 100 mg·kg-1 showed obvious inhibition on CIA rats.The mechanism may be correlated to balancing the effect of proinflammatory factor and anti-inflammatory cytokines,improving immune function in rats,reducing joint synovial inflammation,and alleviating the destruction of the articular cartilage.

  • Orginal Article
    Deqian MENG,Wenyou PAN,Yan LIU,Zhen JIANG,Ju LI,Hui LI,Shanshan LIU,Yongsheng LI,Yuling CHENG
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    Objective To observe the effects of iguratimod (IT) combined with methotrexate (MTX) in patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis (rRA). Methods Sixty patients with rRA were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=30 each group).The cases in treatment group received 50 mg·d-1 of iguratimod and 15 mg of MTX for 16 weeks.The cases in control group were treated by 15 mg of MTX.DAS28 was analyzed.Levels of VEGF and endostatin (ES) were quantified. Results In the treatment group,after 16-week treatment,DAS28,levels of VEGF and ES were (3.0±1.2),(818.9±178.8) pg·mL-1,(337.8±132.6) ng·mL-1,and those in the control group were (5.7±1.9),(1 000.2±245.9) pg·mL-1,(253.8±77.8) ng·mL-1,respectively.In the treatment group,DAS28 and VEGF after the treatment were significantly decreased as compared with those before the treatment (P<0.01).The decrement was more significant in the treatment group than in the control group (P<0.01).At the 16th week of treatment,ES was significantly increased as compared with that before the treatment (P<0.01),and there was a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion Iguratimod combined with MTX have a prominent effect on rRA with high safety.The efficacy of IT on RA might be related with decreasing VEGF release,increasing ES production and alleviating synovium angiogenesis.

  • Orginal Article
    Hui YANG
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    Objective To establish an UPLC method for content determination of gallic acid and oleandic acid in compound Huanggen granules. Methods Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column was used with the mobile phase of methanol-0.1% phosphoric acid by gradient elution.Flow rate was 0.2 mL·min-1.Detection wavelength was set at 270 nm in the first 7 min for gallic acid and then changed to 215 nm for oleandic acid between 7 and 14 min. Results The linear concentration ranges of gallic acid and oleandic acid were 0.022 06-0.198 54 mg·mL-1(r=0.999 6,n=5) and 0.031 04-0.279 36 mg·mL-1(r=0.999 8,n=5).Their average recovery was 100.20% (RSD=0.45%)and 99.96%(RSD=0.64%),respectively. Conclusion The extablished method is simple,reproducible and specific, and can be use to the quality control of compound Huanggen granules.

  • Orginal Article
    Ci WEI,Li WAN,Hong WANG,Guojun HUANG
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    Objective To optimize the extraction process of Paeoniae radix Alba. Methods Extraction rates of paeoniflorin and total glucosides from Paeoniae radix Alba and yield of dry extract were served as research indexes.Extraction process was optimized by central composite design-response surface methodology. Results Optimum condition of extraction technology was to extract 2 times with 9-fold of 85.00% ethanol for 100 min each time.Results of the three batches of confirmatory test were accordant with the predicted values. Conclusion The observed and predicted values were close to each other,and the optimum formulation by CCD-RSM was successful.The established model has a reliable predictability.The optimum extraction process is reasonable,stable and feasible.

  • Orginal Article
    Chen YANG,Fengying REN,Hong YANG,Chunhua MA,Yan JIANG
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    Objective To establish a method of gas chromatography with head-space sampling for determination of five residual solvents (acetone,ethyl acetate,isopropanol,dichloromethane,acetonitrile) in raw material drug of cefotiam hexetil hydrochloride. Methods Agilent DB-624 capillary column(30 m×0.53 mm,3.0 μm)was used,with FID served as detector and DMF as the solvent. Results Linear relationships were obtained for the 5 residual solvents in their respective concentration ranges (r=0.999 6-0.999 9,n=5),and the detection range was from 0.071 to 0.847 μg.The stabilities measured as relative standard deviations (RSD) for the 5 residual solvents were from 0.40% to 2.12% (n=3).The average recovery rates were 99.03% to 104.79%,and RSD were 0.54% to 3.41% (n=3). Conclusion The method is simple,sensitive and accurate for the residual solvent analysis in raw material drug of cefotiam hexetil hydrochloride.

  • Orginal Article
    Min LIU,Le YU,Shuifu LI,Weigen LI
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    Objective To establish a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for determination of gallic acid and ellagic acid in Melastoma dodecandrum. Methods HPLC was applied, the chromatographic column was Waters Xbidge C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);with methanol-mixed aqueous solution containing 0.3% phosphoric acid and 0.06% tetrahydrofuran as the mobile phrase;gradient elution:0-12 min,1% A (the detection wavelength was 216 nm);12-24 min,1% A→55% A (the detection wavelength was 254 nm);flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1, the column temperature was 30 ℃. Results Good linear relationship of gallic acid and ellagic acid was obtained at ranges of 0.089 7-0.448 0 μg (r=0.999 8) and 0.028 4-0.142 μg (r=0.999 8),respectively.The average recoveries were 96.51% (RSD=1.10%) and 96.58% (RSD=1.48%). Conclusion The method is simple,accurate and repeatable,and it is suitable for content determination of gallic acid and ellagic acid in Melastoma dodecandrum.It provides a basis for quality evaluation of Melastoma dodecandrum.

  • Orginal Article
    Xueling ZHANG,Xiaoqiu YU,Yue ZHANG,Xuedan CUI,Chaozhong WANG
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    Objective To establish a gas chromatography (GC) method for determination of aniline,2-aminophenol and 4-aminophenol in mesalazine sustained release granules. Methods Agilent HP-5 (10 m×0.53 mm,2.65 μm) capillary GC column was adopted.The carrier gas was high purity nitrogen at a flow rate of 15 mL·min-1.The inlet temperature was controlled at 280 ℃ and the FID detector temperature was 300 ℃.The oven temperature was initially held at 70 ℃ for 2 min and was then programmed to 150 ℃ at 10 ℃·min-1 and held for 6 min. Results A good resolution was obtained between the peaks of the three impurities at chromatographic conditions above.The recoveries of aniline,2-aminophenol and 4-aminophenol were among 98.04% to 103.00%.The precision and linearity equations were good. Conclusion The method can be adopted for the quality control of mesalazine sustained release granules.

  • Orginal Article
    Na SU,Fengbo WU,Ting XU
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    Objective To evaluate the intervention effectiveness of collaboration among physicians,nurses and pharmacists for elderly patients. Methods Randomized controlled trails (RCT) of collaboration among physicians,nurses and pharmacists for elderly patients were gathered from MEDLINE,EMbase,CENTRAL,CNKI,VIP and Wanfang.The retrieved studies were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,evaluated the quality of included studies,and then performed meta-analyses with The Cochrane Collaboration's Revman 5.3.0 software. Results Four randomized controlled trials of collaboration among physicians,nurses and pharmacists for elderly people were included.The results of meta-analyses showed that the hospitalization rate,emergency admission rate,mortality and potentially inappropriate medication use were not significantly better in the collaboration group than in the standard of care group [RR=1.02,95%CI (0.93,1.11),P=0.69;RR=0.97,95%CI (0.89,1.05),P=0.42;RR=1.03,95%CI (0.87,1.21),P=0.75;and RR=1.09,95%CI (0.84,1.41),P=0.51,respectively].There were no statistically significant differences between the collaboration group and the standard of care group. Conclusion Collaboration among physicians,nurses and pharmacists is not therapeutically effective for elderly patients.But its long-term efficacy still needs to be confirmed by performing more high quality,large sample RCTs with long term follow-up.

  • Orginal Article
    Jingping XIAO,Guojun WANG,Hengli LUO,Ting YANG,Gongli HU
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    Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of different dosages of oxycodone plus acetaminophen for treating acute pain after oral surgery,in order to provide a reasonable dosage of combination in clinic. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on effect of combination of oxycodone plus acetaminophen on pain relief after oral operation were searched from the following data-bases:PubMed,EMbase,MEDLINE (Ovid),the Cochrane Library,CNKI,and Wanfang from the date of their establishment to January 2015.The data of RCTs meeting the inclusive criteria were extracted according to Cochrane methods by two reviewers independently,and after the quality was evaluated and cross-checked,meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan 5.2 software. Results A total of 11 studies in 10 literatures involving 1 028 patients were included and were designated to 3 different dosage groups (5 mg/325 mg,10 mg/650 mg,10 mg/1 000 mg,respectively).The results of Meta-analyses showed that pain remission rate was significantly higher in the 3 different dosages of oxycodone plus acetaminophen groups than in the placebo group (RR5 mg/325 mg=3.35,95%CI [1.74,6.45],I2=38%,P=0.000 3;RR10 mg/650 mg=6.88,95%CI [4.00,11.83],I2=0%,P<0.000 01;RR10 mg/1 000 mg=4.94,95%CI [3.23,7.56],I2=81%,P=0.005).In additional,the RR of oxycodone 10 mg/acetaminophen 650 mg and placebo groups for pain remission rate was higher than that of the other 2 dosages groups,moreover,more studies were enrolled and its low heterogeneity led to high reliability.Usage rate of remedial painkillers was significally lower in oxycodone plus acetaminophen groups than in the placebo group (RR5 mg/325 mg=0.71,95%CI [0.60,0.85],P<0.000 01;RR10 mg/650 mg=0.50,95%CI [0.41,0.61],P<0.000 01;RR10 mg/1 000 mg=0.77,95%CI [0.66,0.90],P=0.001),In addition,the RRs of usage rate in oxycodone 10 mg/acetaminophen 650 mg and placebo groups were significantly lower than the other 2 dosages groups.Incidence rates of adverse effects were similar in the 3 different dosages groups and higher than that of the placebo group.However,the adverse events were generally described as mild to moderate in severity and rarely led to drug withdrawal according to all reports in the studies (only one event). Conclusion The present study showed that combination of oxycodone plus acetaminophen can provide better analgesia in acute pain after oral surgery with high safety.In addition,combination of oxycodone 10 mg plus paracetamol 650 mg may be better for acute pain relief after oral surgery.

  • Orginal Article
    Shuzhen CHU,Zhenlin SUN
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    To establish a coupling model for pharmaceutical industrial cluster and circular economy, and study the factors of coupled associations between them.The factors of coupled associations between pharmaceutical industrial cluster and circular economy were analyzed,and an effective route for sustainable development of our domestic pharmaceutical industry was seeked.The pharmaceutical industrial cluster and circular economy were coupled through scales,information,costs and intergrowth,which is beneficial to achieve scale effect,spread facilitate technical,save environmental costs and enhance the cohesion among the clusters and to achieve intensive development for pharmaceutical industry.