Calculus Bovis(CB) is one of the precious traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) and has been widely used in oriental countries over 2000 years. It possesses a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties such as relieving fever, analgesic, diminishing inflammation, sedation, reducing blood pressure, recovering gallbladder functions, antioxygenation, and anti-tumor and improving immunity, et al.Due to the scarce resource and high price of natural CB, its substitutes, artificially synthesized CB and C. Bovis Sativus (CBS), also called in vitro cultured C. Bovis, have already been developed and widely used in medicine preparation. By using the literature material method, the current article explored literatures regard to pharmacological activities and clinical application of CB and its substitute, and the compound preparations were also included, from 1949 to 2016 in journals of domestic and foreign. All documents are summarized to provide a valuable reference for further basic or clinical research about CB and its substitute.
Key words:
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Traditional Chinese medicines substitute
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Pharmacological activity
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Literature statistics
ZHONG XM,REN XC,LOU YL,et al.Effects of in-vitro cultured calculus bovis on learning and memory impairments of hyperlipemia vascular dementia rats[J].,2016,192:390-397.
Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance: In-vitro cultured calculus bovis (ICCB) is a quality substitute for natural bezoar which is used for the therapeutic purpose of treating encephalopathy. ICCB has been authorized to use on clinic. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects and the potential mechanisms of in-vitro cultured calculus bovis (ICCB) on learning and memory impairments of hyperlipemia vascular dementia (HVD) rats. Materials and methods: The HVD model was established by permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries based on hyperlipemia rats. Learning and memory abilities were evaluated by morris water maze test and shuttle box test. Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) was employed to determine the SOD, MDA and NO in cerebral tissue, as well as the TG in serum. HE staining and toluidine blue staining were employed to evaluate cone cells damage in hippocampus CA1. An immunohistochemistry was used to measure the Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in cerebral tissue. Results: Compared with control group, the abilities of spatial learning and memory and conditional memory were decreased significantly in HVD group (P<0.01, P<0.05). MDA content in cerebral tissue was remarkably increased while the SOD activity and NO content were both decreased (P<0.01). TG content in serum was increased remarkably (P<0.01). And the cone cells in hippocampus CA1 were damaged obviously. Compared with HVD group, ICCB treatment improved the abilities of learning and memory, elevated the SOD activity (P<0.01, P<0.05), reduced the MDA content (P<0.01) as well as the TG content in serum (P<0.01), increased the NO content (P<0.01), improved the damaged cone cells in hippocampus CA1, increased the number of cones cells (P<0.01), decreased the Bax expression, and increased the Bcl-2 expression (P<0.01). Conclusion: ICCB could improve the abilities of learning and memory in HVD rats. It might be related to anti-oxidative, regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expressions, and the alleviation of cone cells damage.
MAH,ZHOUJ,JIANGJ,et al.The novel antidote bezoar bovis prevents the cardiotoxicity of toad(bufo bufo gargarizans canto) venom in mice[J].,2012,64(5): 417-423.
Toad Venom, called chansu (CS) in China, is an anti-inflammatory drug used in small doses for the treatmentofvarious types of inflammation in China. Its use is hampered by the cardiotoxicity of bufadienolides derived from Toad Venom. Bezoar Bovis is another frequently used drug in Toad Venom preparations for the treatment of inflammatory or cardiovascular diseases in Asia. We explored whether Bezoar Bovis could protect against CS-induced acute toxicity in mice. Toxicity was assessed by the general features of poisoning, electrocardiography (ECG), and levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and calcium ions (Ca
LIT,SONG LW,LU KY,et al.Effects of in vitro cultivated calculus bovis compound on pulmonary lesions in rabbits with schistosomiasis[J].,2010,16(6): 749-754.
AIM: To explore the interventional effects and mechanism of in vitro cultivated Calculus Bovis compound preparation (ICCBco) on pulmonary lesions in portal hypertensive rabbits with schistosomiasis.METHODS: The experimental group included 20 portal hypertensive rabbits with schistosomiasis treated by ICCBco. The control group included 20 portal hypertensive rabbits with schistosomiasis treated by praziquantel. The morphological changes of the pulmonary tissues were observed under light and electron microscopy. The expression of fibronectin (FN) and laminin (LN) in the lung tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.RESULTS: Under light microscope, the alveolar exudation in the lung tissue was more frequently observed in the control group, while the alveolar space was fairly dry in the lung tissue of ICCBco group. Under electron microscope, more alveolar exudation in the lung tissue, and more macrophages, alveolar angiotelectasis and the blurred three-tier structure of alveolar-capillary barrier could be seen in the control group. In ICCBco group, fibers within the alveolar interspace slightly increased in some lung regions, and the structure of type I epithelium, basement membrane and endodermis was complete, and no obvious exudation from the alveolar space, and novascular congestion could be observed. There was a positive or strong positive expression of FN and LN in the lung tissue of the control group, while there was a negative or weak positive expression of FN and LN in ICCBco group.CONCLUSION: ICCBco can effectively prevent pulmonary complications in portal hypertensive rabbits with schistosomiasis by means of improving lung microcirculation and lowering the content of extracellular matrix.
TAOW,ZHANGQ,LIJ,et al.Up-regulation of BSEP and MRP2 by calculus bovis administration in 17α-ethynylestradiol-induced cholestasis: involvement of PIK/Akt signaling pathway[J].,2016,190:22-32.
Calculus Bovis administration can alleviate liver injury and up-regulate the expression of BSEP and MRP2 in 17α-ethynylestradiol-induced cholestasis by a mechanism that may involve inhibiting the activated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
LIUD,WUT,ZHANG CL,et al.Beneficial effect of calculus bovis sativus on 17α-ethynylestradiol-induced cholestasis in the rat[J].,2014,113(1/2): 22-30.
AIMS: Calculus Bovis Sativus (CBS) shares similar pharmacological effects with Calculus Bovis like relieving . This study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of CBS on 17伪-(EE)-induced in the .: CBS (50 and 150 mg/kg per day) was intragastrically (i. g.) given to experimental for 5 consecutive days in coadministration with EE. The levels of serum biomarkers, hepatic malondialdehyde () content and () activity were determined by biochemical methods. The bile flow in 2h was measured. The histopathology of the liver tissue was evaluated. The expression of transporter was studied by -quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot.: CBS treatment significantly prevented EE-induced increases in serum levels of biomarkers. Decreased bile flow by EE was restored with CBS treatment. The tissue lesions were also relieved with CBS treatment. Western blot studies indicated that EE significantly decreased the protein expression of () and (Bcrp), but notably increased P-(P-gp) protein, compared with the control group. CBS treatment significantly increased the protein expression of P-gp, and Bcrp compared with the EE group. RT-qPCR studies indicated that EE down-regulated Bcrp at transcriptional level. CBS up-regulated the expression of P-gp, and Bcrp compared with the EE group.: The present study indicated that CBS exerted a beneficial effect on EE-induced in the , which may result from its induction of P-gp, and Bcrp expression.
ZANG QC,WANG JB,KONG WJ,et al.Searching for the main anti‐bacterial components in artificial calculus bovis using UPLC and microcalorimetry coupled with multi-linear regression analysis[J].,2011,34(23): 3330-3338.
The fingerprints of artificial Calculus bovis extracts from different solvents were established by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and the anti-bacterial activities of artificial C. bovis extracts on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) growth were studied by microcalorimetry. The UPLC fingerprints were evaluated using hierarchical clustering analysis. Some quantitative parameters obtained from the thermogenic curves of S. aureus growth affected by artificial C. bovis extracts were analyzed using principal component analysis. The spectrum-effect relationships between UPLC fingerprints and anti-bacterial activities were investigated using multi-linear regression analysis. The results showed that peak 1 (taurocholate sodium), peak 3 (unknown compound), peak 4 (cholic acid), and peak 6 (chenodeoxycholic acid) are more significant than the other peaks with the standard parameter estimate 0.453, -0.166, 0.749, 0.025, respectively. So, compounds cholic acid, taurocholate sodium, and chenodeoxycholic acid might be the major anti-bacterial components in artificial C. bovis. Altogether, this work provides a general model of the combination of UPLC chromatography and anti-bacterial effect to study the spectrum-effect relationships of artificial C. bovis extracts, which can be used to discover the main anti-bacterial components in artificial C. bovis or other Chinese herbal medicines with anti-bacterial effects.
PURKAYASTHAS,MONTMINY MR.Neural dysregulation of peripheral insulin action and blood pressure by brain endoplasmic reticulum stress[J].,2011,108(7): 2939-2944.
Chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was recently revealed to affect hypothalamic neuroendocrine pathways that regulate feeding and body weight. However, it remains unexplored whether brain ER stress could use a neural route to rapidly cause the peripheral disorders that underlie the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the metabolic syndrome. Using a pharmacologic model that delivered ER stress inducer thapsigargin into the brain, this study demonstrated that a short-term brain ER stress over 3 d was sufficient to induce glucose intolerance, systemic and hepatic insulin resistance, and blood pressure (BP) increase. The collection of these changes was accompanied by elevated sympathetic tone and prevented by sympathetic suppression. Molecular studies revealed that acute induction of metabolic disorders via brain ER stress was abrogated by NF-魏B inhibition in the hypothalamus. Therapeutic experiments further revealed that acute inhibition of brain ER stress with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) partially reversed obesity-associated metabolic and blood pressure disorders. In conclusion, ER stress in the brain represents a mediator of the sympathetic disorders that underlie the development of insulin resistance syndrome and T2D.
LI XP,XU YJ,ZHANG CL,et al.Protective effect of calculus bovis sativus on dextran sulphate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice[J].,2015,2015(3): 1-8.
Calculus Bovis Sativus(CBS) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, which has been reported to exhibit antispasmodic, fever-reducing, anti-inflammatory, and gallbladder-repairing effects. The present study aims to investigate the protective effect of CBS on dextran sulphate sodium- (DSS-) induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. C57BL/6 male mice were exposed to 5% DSS in drinking water. CBS was given orally at 50 and 15065mg/kg once per day for 7 days. Body weight, disease activity index (DAI), colon length, colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured. Administration of CBS significantly reserved these changes, decreased the MPO activity and MDA and NO level, and increased the SOD activity in the colon tissue. Histological observation suggested that CBS alleviated edema, mucosal damage, and inflammatory cells infiltration induced by DSS in the colon. Moreover, CBS significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin- (IL-) 1βand IL-6 in the colon tissue. Our data suggested that CBS exerted protective effect on DSS-induced UC partially through the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.