Objective To investigate the hypoglycemic effect of two kind crude separation portions from ginnala fruit. Methods ICR mice were fed with high-fat diet.They were injected with STZ (120 mg·kg-1) at an empty stomach.The mice, whose blood glucose level were above 11.1 mmol·L-1, were randomly divided into model control group, acarbose group (25 mg·kg-1), high-dose of extracts from ginnala fruit with ethyl acetate group (300 mg·kg-1), low-dose of extracts from ginnala fruit with ethyl acetate group (100 mg·kg-1), high-dose of water extraction and alcohol precipitation from ginnala fruit group (300 mg·kg-1), low-dose of water extraction and alcohol precipitation from ginnala fruit group (100 mg·kg-1), 10 mice in each group.The mice were intragastrically administered for 3 weeks.At the end of the experiment, oral glucose tolerance test was performed.Blood glucose, serum lipids and serum insulin were measured, and the tissues of the organs were observed by HE staining. Results The two separate parts extracted from ginnala fruit decreased the blood glucose levels of diabetic mice, significantly decreased serum TC, TG, LDL-C, HbA1c, MDA and BUN levels, and significantly increased insulin, HDL-C, SOD and GSH levels in a dose-dependent manner.HE staining showed that the two kinds of rough separation sites of ginnala fruit groups had a good protective effect on liver and kidney.The effect of extracts from ginnala fruit with ethyl acetate was the best. ConclusionGinnala fruit has significant hypoglycemic effect.
表5
7组小鼠SOD、GSH、MDA 和 BUN 活性和水平的比较
Tab.5
Comparison of the levels of SOD,GSH,MDA and BUN among seven groups of mice \(\overline{x}\)±s,n=10
组别
剂量/ (mg·kg-1)
SOD/ (U·mL-1)
GSH/ (μmol·L-1)
MDA/ (nmol·mL-1)
BUN/ (nmol·L-1)
正常对照组
—
20.70±2.3
722.50±29
5.33±0.51
1.70±0.03
模型对照组
—
18.41±2.3*1
644.33±35*2
8.85±0.32*2
1.99±0.09*2
阿卡波糖组
25
20.57±2.2*3
679.06±33*3
6.20±0.24*4
1.86±0.06*4
乙酸乙酯
大剂量组
300
22.53±2.1*4
705.18±35*4
6.73±0.31*4
1.86±0.06*4
小剂量组
100
21.42±2.1*4
680.62±37*3
7.05±0.69*4
1.90±0.06*3
水提醇沉
大剂量组
300
20.79±1.5*3
687.23±35*3
8.51±0.34*3
1.94±0.07
小剂量组
100
20.18±1.7*3
658.08±36
8.67±0.30
1.96±0.06
Compared with normal control group,t=2.005,*1P<0.05, t=3.400-4.462,*2P<0.01;compared with model control group,t=1.799-2.500,*3P<0.05,t=2.808-5.711,*4P<0.01
图2
糖尿病小鼠肾组织 HE 染色(×400) A.正常对照组;B.模型对照组;C.阿卡波糖组;D.乙酸乙酯大剂量组;E.乙酸乙酯小剂量组;F.水提醇沉大剂量组;G.水提醇沉小剂量组
Fig.2
HE staining on renal tissue in diabetic mice(×400) A.normal control group; B.model control group; C.acarbose group; D.high-dose ethyl acetate group; E.low-dose ethyl acetate group; F.high-dose water extraction and alcohol precipitation group; G.low-dose water extraction and alcohol precipitation group
图3
糖尿病小鼠肝组织 HE 染色(×400) A.正常对照组;B.模型对照组;C.阿卡波糖组;D.乙酸乙酯大剂量组;E.乙酸乙酯小剂量组;F.水提醇沉大剂量组;G.水提醇沉小剂量组
Fig.3
HE staining of livers in diabetic mice(×400) A.normal control group; B.model control group; C. acarbose group; D.high-dose ethyl acetate group; E.low-dose ethyl acetate group; F.high-dose water extraction and alcohol precipitation group; G.low-dose water extraction and alcohol precipitation group
HUIPINGT,JUNL,HAIRRONGH,et al.The effect of Astragalus as an adjuvant treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus:a (preliminary) meta-analysis[J].,2016,191(15):206-215.
As an adjuvant treatment, Astragalus might be beneficial in reducing FPG, PPG, HbA1c and Fins levels, and HOMA-IRI. It is probably contribute to blood glucose control in patients with T2DM and provide references for clinical decision. [Display omitted]
TONGXIAOL,DONGL,CHENL,et al.Treatment of diabetes using traditional Chinese medicine:past,present and future[J].,2012,40(5):877-886.
Diabetes is a major medical problem that imperils public health. Over two thousand years ago, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) called diabetes-related symptoms "Xiaoke" disease. In ancient China, TCM and Chinese herbal medicines were used widely in treating Xiaoke and abundant experience has been accumulated. This article discusses the TCM theory on diabetes and its achievements in the prevention and treatment of diabetes in the past. Using Chinese herbal medicine, recent progress in diabetes therapeutics, including data from clinical trials, are presented. Mechanistic studies from basic research are discussed. Yin-yang balance and a holistic approach of TCM may complement diabetes treatment in Western medicine. With continuous efforts, TCM could play a more important role in fighting this disease.
VEEPRAPUR VP,PRABHAKAR KR,KANDADI MR,et al.Antidiabetic effect of dodonaea viscosa aerial parts in high fat diet and low dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats:a mechanistic approach[J].,2010,48(10):1137-1148.
Context: High fat diet (HFD) and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) is an ideal model for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that would closely reflect the natural history and metabolic characteristics of human T2DM and is also suitable for pharmacological screening. Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of the water extract (DVW) and the polar fraction of ethanol extract ...
ILHANN,HALIFEOGLUI,OZERCAN HI,et al.Tissue malondialdehyde and adenosine triphosphatase level after experimental liver ischaemia-reperfusion damage[J].,2001,19(3):207-212.
Functional irregularities due to damage after ischaemia-reperfusion vary depending upon the organs affected. High energy phosphates such as ATP and ADP are destroyed after ischaemia-reperfusion damage. Subsequently, protons and inorganic phosphates accumulate within the cells and the proton pumps such as adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), which maintain intracellular ion balance are damaged. In the present study, malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, was measured as an indicator of tissue damage. Additionally, we measured sodium-potasium-ATPase levels and determined the interactions between MDA and Na+-K+ ATPase levels. A total of 31 female guinea pigs were divided into four groups: sham operated guinea pigs (group 1), ischaemia-reperfusion (group 2), ischaemia-reperfusion + superoxide dismutase (SOD) (group 3), ischaemia-reperfusion + allopurinol (group 4). Following reperfusion, the livers of guinea pigs in each group were removed for histopathological examination and the levels of MDA and Na+-K+ ATPase were determined in homogenized tissue samples. There was a statistically significant ( p < 0.05) reduction in tissue MDA levels in group 2 when compared with group 1. The level of tissue MDA in groups 3 and 4 was significantly lower than tissue MDA levels of group 2. However, there was a statistically significant ( p < 0.05) reduction in tissue Na+-K+ ATPase levels of group 2 when compared with group 1. Similiarly, the level of tissue Na+-K+ ATPase in groups 3 and 4 was significantly higher than the tissue Na+-K+ ATPase levels of group 2. The results of the histopathologic examination also revealed the beneficial effects of the use of SOD and allopurinol in preventing liver damage in cases of ischaemia-reperfusion. Although the levels of MDA and Na+-K+ ATP ase in group 2 were not equal to the level in group 1, antioxidant therapy significantly improved the tendency to reverse the effects of ischaemia-reperfusion and to protect the liver from damage due to ischaemia-reperfusion. Copyright 脗漏 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ARIVAZHAGANAP,THILAKAVATHYAT,PANNEERSELVAMAC,et al.Antioxidant lipoate and tissue antioxidants in aged rats[J].,2000,11(3):122-127.
Oxidative metabolism produces free radicals that must be removed from the cellular environment for the cell to survive. The levels of nonenzymic antioxidants involved in the elimination of free radicals were investigated in an attempt to correlate any changes in the levels of enzymic antioxidants during aging with changes in free radical mediated cellular damage. Antioxidants were measured in liver and kidney of young and aged rats with respect to DL-伪-lipoic acid supplemented rats. In both organs lipid peroxidation damage (a marker of free radical mediated damage) increased with age, and a significant decrease in antioxidant systems was observed. Moreover, DL-伪-lipoic acid treated aged rats showed a decrease in the level of lipid peroxides and an increase in the antioxidant status. The results of this study provide evidence that DL-伪-lipoic acid treatment can improve antioxidants during aging and minimize the age-associated disorders in which free radicals are the major cause.
HAYES JD,MCLELLAN LI.Glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes represent a coordinately regulated defence against oxidative stress[J].,1999,31(4):273-300.
Increases in the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), frequently referred to as oxidative stress, respresents a potentially toxic insult which if not counteracted will lead to membrane dysfunction, DNA damage and inactivation of proteins. Chronic oxidative stress has numerous pathological consequences including cancer, arthritis and neurodegenerative disease. Glutathione-associated metabolism is a major mechanism for cellular protection against agents which generate oxidative stress. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the glutathione tripeptide is central to a complex multifaceted detoxification system, where there is substantial inter-dependence between separate component members. Glutathione participates in detoxification at several different levels, and may scavenge free radicals, reduce peroxides or be conjugated with electrophilic compounds. Thus, glutathione provides the cell with multiple defences not only against ROS but also against their toxic products. This article discusses how glutathione biosynthesis, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione S-transferases and glutathione S-conjugate efflux pumps function in an integrated fashion to allow cellular adaption to oxidative stress. Co-ordination of this response is achieved, at least in part, through the antioxidant responsive element (ARE) which is found in the promoters of many of the genes that are inducible by oxidative and chemical stress. Transcriptional activation through this enhancer appears to be mediated by basic leucine zipper transcription factors such as Nrf and small Maf proteins. The nature of the intracellular sensor(s) for ROS and thiol-active chemicals which induce genes through the ARE is described. Gene activation through the ARE appears to account for the enhanced antioxidant and detoxification capacity of normal cells effected by many cancer chemopreventive agents. In certain instances it may also account for acquired resistance of tumours to cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. It is therefore clear that determining the mechanisms involved in regulation of ARE-driven gene expression has enormous medical implications.