中国科技论文统计源期刊 中文核心期刊  
美国《化学文摘》《国际药学文摘》
《乌利希期刊指南》
WHO《西太平洋地区医学索引》来源期刊  
日本科学技术振兴机构数据库(JST)
第七届湖北十大名刊提名奖  
HERALD OF MEDICINE, 2018, 37(4): 489-491
doi: 10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2018.04.020
血液透析患者以普通肝素抗凝致血小板减少的药学监护
张圣雨1,, 宋惠珠2, 张秀红2, 亓志刚2,

摘要:

目的 为临床安全有效治疗肝素诱导的血小板减少症(HIT)提供思路。方法 参与治疗1例以普通肝素抗凝的血液透析患者出现血小板减少的病例,通过查阅资料,协助医生判断药物性血小板减少并明确其诊断标准,参与应对方案的设计,建议医生尝试低分子肝素透析抗凝,做好血小板下降的防范准备,并建议明确原因,送检HIT抗体。结果 治疗有效,患者血小板维持在正常范围,病情稳定出院。结论 临床药师通过参与本例患者的治疗过程,协助医生参与患者病史收集、用药史的梳理与整合,在该患者的诊疗过程中做到了及时发现问题并解决问题。

关键词: 肝素 ; 血小板减少 ; 临床药师 ; 血液透析

Abstract:

肝素诱导的血小板减少症(heparin-induced thrombocytopenia,HIT)是肝素类药物引起的一种并发症。肝素是临床血液透析及心血管疾病治疗最常用的抗凝药,所有接受肝素治疗的患者,不论接触的剂量及途径,都有可能发生HIT。笔者参与1例以普通肝素抗凝的血液透析出现血小板减少的患者的治疗,现将对其进行的药学监护报道如下。

1 病例概况

患者,男,87岁。维持性血液透析2个月余,于2016年3月10日行右侧股静脉临时导管置管术并始行血液透析治疗,以普通肝素抗凝。2016年3月15日血常规危急值提示血小板3.0×109·L-1,患者既往血小板正常,应用Warkentin 4Ts 的评分系统,评分为6分,属肝素诱导血小板减少很有可能。予以升血小板等对症处理后好转,后透析予阿加曲班抗凝,于2016年3月30日行右前臂动静脉内瘘吻合术。门诊规律透析予阿加曲班抗凝,但透析过程中容易出现堵管,为进一步诊治,于2016年5月21日入院。病程中患者无咳嗽咯痰、腹痛腹泻、尿频尿急。自发病以来,患者精神状态良好,体力情况良好,食欲食量良好,睡眠情况良好,体质量无明显变化。体检:神清,精神可,贫血貌,全身皮肤无黄染、无瘀点瘀斑。入院诊断为慢性肾病5期、维持性血液透析状态、右侧股静脉临时置管状态、肾性贫血、血小板减少原因待查。

2 主要治疗经过与药学监护

临床药师通过询问病史,了解患者无动脉粥样硬化、房颤、脑梗死等心脑血管基础病,期间未使用过引起血小板减少的药物如阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、替罗非班等,故考虑HIT可能。入院后暂继续予以维持性血液透析1周3次(枸橼酸抗凝),丹红注射液、前列地尔注射液活血、改善微循环,重组人促红素注射液、生血宁片纠正贫血,左卡尼汀注射液补充左旋肉碱,复方a-酮酸片补充非必需氨基酸,肾衰宁片排毒等内科综合治疗。2016年5月21日血常规白细胞计数(WBC)4.33×109·L-1,中性粒细胞计数(NEU) 1.8×109·L-1,红细胞计数(RBC) 2.36×1012·L-1,血小板计数(PLT)168×109·L-1,血红蛋白计数(HGB)67.0 g·L-1;2016年5月23日:铁蛋白(SF)58.72 ng·mL-1,转铁蛋白饱和度(Tfs )12.5%,加用蔗糖铁注射液0.1 g静脉补铁。考虑患者目前血小板计数在正常范围,临床药师建议可尝试予以低分子肝素透析抗凝,做好血小板下降的防范准备,如血小板再次下降,可根据情况予重组人白介素-11皮下注射,或直接输注血小板,透析抗凝可采用磺达肝癸钠,虽然该药属于依赖抗凝血酶的肝素类药物,但由于仅含戊糖结构,无诱发 HIT 抗体的风险,已被成功用于 HIT 的治疗,医生采纳。2016年5月27日,患者行血液透析治疗,使用低分子肝素3 000 U抗凝,透析时间3 h,安全完成,次日查PLT 157.0×109·L-1,无异常,2016年5月29日再次尝试予以低分子肝素透析,次日复查PLT 162.0×109·L-1,无异常,WBC1.82×1012·L-1,血红蛋白 51.0 g·L-1,有输血指征,予输注O型Rh阳性+红细胞2 U,输注过程及输注结束后患者无输血不良反应。2016年5月31日,第3次尝试用低分子肝素透析,次日复查PLT 143×109·L-1,正常。患者入院后3次尝试用低分子肝素透析,透析后复查血小板指标均正常,可继续行低分子肝素透析治疗。临床药师建议明确原因,送检HIT抗体,医生采纳。2016年6月3日,HIT抗体检测结果阴性,文献报道该检测结果敏感度和特异度较高,均>90%,但根据肝素应用和血小板减少发生的时间关系仍不排除HIT可能。嘱出院后可继续尝试低分子肝素透析,并定期复查血常规。目前患者病情平稳,予出院。

3 讨论

血液透析技术的发展使得终末期肾病患者能够长期生存,但治疗时抗凝剂的使用值得在临床研究,因为应用不当会引起凝血或出血,影响治疗。抗凝剂的应用目前无统一标准,肝素是血液透析常用的抗凝剂。肝素主要在网状内皮系统代谢,通过肾脏排泄,其中少量以原型排出。值得注意的是,肾功能不全患者代谢排泄延迟,易引起蓄积,且血浆内肝素浓度不受透析影响,这些因素可能增加出血风险。HIT以血小板减少伴或不伴动静脉血栓为主要特征,可累及重要脏器,临床中应给予足够的认识及重视。

3.1 HIT的流行病学及诊断

所有接受肝素治疗的患者,不论接触的剂量及途径,都有可能发生HIT。高亚明等[1]研究197例使用肝素制剂的患者,报道HIT总的发生率为3.0%,国外文献报道HIT的发病率为0.5%~5.0%[2]。有资料显示约17%接触肝素的患者和约8%接触低分子肝素的患者体内会产生HIT抗体[3],说明分子量越小的肝素引起HIT发生的概率越低,即低分子肝素发生HIT的概率较普通肝素更低。所以患者入院后检查血小板在正常范围,临床药师建议尝试使用低分子肝素透析。

目前尚无统一明确的HIT诊断标准和便捷、有效的检查手段。血小板减少和血栓栓塞是HIT的主要表现,是诊断HIT的重要依据。HIT抗体的实验室检测方法中的血小板血清素释放试验,敏感度和特异度较高,均>90%,被认为是诊断HIT抗体的金标准,但技术要求高、具有放射性,仅能在少数实验室完成,因此难以在临床上推广使用,故临床诊断仍是最重要的诊断方法。该患者应用普通肝素抗凝后5 d血小板降至3.0×109·L-1,患者无动脉粥样硬化、房颤、脑梗死等心血管基础病,期间未使用过引起血小板减少的药物如阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、替罗非班等,根据患者肝素应用史,应用Warkentin 4Ts 的评分系统,其血小板计数下降>50% 2分、 血小板减少出现时间为使用肝素5 d后2分、其他引起血小板减少的原因不明显2分,患者评分为6分,属HIT很有可能,故停用肝素,予以升血小板等对症处理后好转,后透析予阿加曲班抗凝。然而,据国内外报道,HIT患者血小板计数通常不会严重降低,平均血小板计数为(50~80)×109· L - 1 4 ,该患者情况与既往研究并不完全相符,这也提示HIT存在特殊的临床表现。更有意思的是,该患者HIT抗体检测结果示阴性,原因可能是经过阿加曲班治疗两个月余后HIT抗体已基本清除,所以临床药师认为目前的抗体检测并不能完全排除HIT。

3.2 HIT的治疗

《美国胸科医师协会抗栓与血栓预防临床实践指南》推荐使用低分子肝素(达那肝素)、直接凝血酶抑制剂(来匹卢定、阿加曲班、比伐卢定)及Ⅹa 因子抑制剂(磺达肝癸钠)等5种药物用于HIT的抗凝治疗[2]。已有研究证实阿加曲班可以明显降低HIT患者的不良事件发生率,如截肢、新发血栓、血栓栓塞、血栓引起的死亡等,不良反应少[5,6]。阿加曲班不经肾脏代谢,美国胸科医师协会已推荐其为HIT及肾功能不全患者发生HIT 时的首选[2,7]。所以,该患者血小板减少初期透析予以阿加曲班抗凝,选药合理。另外,血浆置换可以快速清除循环中的HIT抗体,理论上是急性重症HIT的有效治疗措施,也有血浆置换成功治疗HIT患者急性颅内出血的案例报道。

目前国内对HIT的总体认知度仍有待进一步提高。临床药师建议血透患者启用肝素抗凝治疗初期动态监测血小板计数变化,若透析患者使用肝素后3~15 d血小板计数开始下降,尤其是再次使用肝素时血小板计数较基础水平下降超过50%,甚至出现血栓者,应考虑HIT,及时诊断HIT并换用其他合适的抗凝药,以避免或明显减少灾难性血栓事件的发生。另外,肝素抗凝时出现无法解释的快速耐受性或耐药性,或停药后血小板计数能够恢复,均提示可能存在HIT。临床药师应与患者沟通,提醒其减少活动避免碰撞造成出血,如有皮肤瘀斑瘀点、鼻出血、牙龈出血、黑便等症状时应及时告知医生,以便给予相应的处理[8]

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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目的 了解住院患者肝素诱导的血小板减少症(HIT)发病率和HIT抗体阳性率及相关临床因素。方法 选取应用肝素制剂的患者197例(男120例、女77例),进行4Ts评分(Pretest Clinical Scoring System)及应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测HIT抗体,并按4Ts评分及病种分组、分别统计HIT发病率及HIT抗体阳性率。结果 HIT总发病率为3.0%(6/197);HIT抗体总阳性率为12.2%(24/197),抗体阳性率在4Ts评分低、中、高可能性组分别为10.1%(18/178)、7.7%(1/13)、83.3%(5/6)。HIT抗体阳性率和抗体检测平均值,在高可能性组与低、中可能性组之间差异均有统计学意义(<em>P</em>值均=0.000)。HIT发病率及HIT抗体阳性率均为外科高于内科(5.8%比0.9%,<em>P</em>=0.047;19.8%比6.3%,<em>P</em>=0.004)。结论 肝素制剂应用人群中HIT的发病率和HIT抗体阳性率不低,且均与病种有关。HIT抗体检测在4Ts评分高可能性患者中的临床应用价值更大。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
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Anticoagulants are powerful and unavoidably dangerous drugs that must be carefully selected, monitored, and evaluated. Every patient undergoing treatment is at risk of excess bleeding, since the primary purpose of this class of drugs is to decrease clotting through a variety of biochemical and pharmacological mechanisms. Under the best of circumstances, significant numbers of patients (鈭10%) experience toxicity on traditional warfarin oral anticoagulants. Beyond the obvious type A pharmacological toxicity, heparin products carry a seemingly paradoxical/novel risk of increased coagulopathy with limb- and life-threatening thromboembolic injuries (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia [HIT]). As a result of the great toxicity risk, many patients suffer injuries, and litigation is threatened or initiated, frequently against pharmacists and their employers. This article reviews the therapeutic use of old and novel anticoagulants, lists the types of litigation related thereto, and discusses the HIT risk associated with heparin products treatment. Litigation can result from adverse drug reactions and toxicity from anticoagulants.
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Argatroban is the only commercially available Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anticoagulant for managing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). However, bivalirudin may be an attractive alternative. To assess the efficacy and safety of argatroban and bivalirudin in patients with suspected HIT. This single-center, retrospective analysis included patients who received argatroban or bivalirudin for at least 24 hours between January 1, 2000, and June 30, 2012. The primary end point assessed anticoagulation goals, specifically time to therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) goal and percentage of aPTT values within therapeutic range. Secondary end points included new thromboembolic events, bleeding, and mortality. Of the 68 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 48 received argatroban and 20 received bivalirudin. Baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 groups except for age, percentage of patients with liver dysfunction, aPTT immediately prior to drug initiation, and the serotonin release assay results. The mean ± SD times to reach therapeutic aPTT goal for argatroban and bivalirudin were 14 ± 15 and 7 ± 8 hours, respectively (P = 0.024). The mean ± SD percentage of aPTT values within therapeutic aPTT goal was 69% ± 23% for argatroban and 84% ± 18% for bivalirudin (P = 0.005). Rates of thromboembolic events were similar between the 2 groups, as were the rates of bleeding and all-cause mortality. Bivalirudin appears to reach therapeutic aPTT goal faster with more aPTT values within therapeutic aPTT goal while achieving similar clinical outcomes. Although not approved by the FDA for managing HIT, bivalirudin may be an attractive alternative anticoagulant.
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Elisavet Grouzi Department of Transfusion Service and Clinical Hemostasis, ldquo;Agios Savvasrdquo; Regional Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece Abstract: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a rare but potentially severe complication of heparin therapy that is strongly associated with venous and arterial thrombosis (HIT and thrombosis syndrome, HITTS), which requires urgent detection and treatment with a nonheparin anticoagulant. Argatroban, a synthetic direct thrombin inhibitor, is indicated for the treatment and prophylaxis of thrombosis in patients with HIT, including those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Argatroban has a relatively short elimination half-life of approximately 45 minutes, which is predominantly performed via hepatic metabolism. It is derived from L-arginine that selectively and reversibly inhibits thrombin, both clot-bound and free, at the catalytic site. Argatroban anticoagulation has been systematically studied in patients with HIT and HITTS and proved to be a safe and effective agent for this indication. The current review presents the pharmacology of argatroban, data regarding monitoring of the agent, and an overview of the results of the major clinical trials assessing argatroban anticoagulation in HIT patients. Additionally, data from recent clinical trials with argatroban use in more special indications such as in percutaneous coronary intervention, liver dysfunction, renal replacement therapy, and intensive care medicine, are reviewed. The approved initial dosage of argatroban for adults with HIT or HITTS is 2 micro;g/kg/minute for patients with normal hepatic function and 0.5 micro;g/kg/minute for patients with hepatic dysfunction. There is evidence that a reduced initial dose may also be advisable for patients with heart failure, multiple organ dysfunction, severe anasarca, or after cardiac surgery. Given this information, argatroban can be effectively used in treating HIT with monitoring of activated partial thromboplastin time. Keywords: argatroban, HIT, direct thrombin inhibitornbsp;
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目的:为临床药师参与肝素诱导血小板减少症(HIT)治疗提供参考。方法临床药师参与治疗1例急性心肌梗死并发 HIT 患者,并提供个体化药学监护。结果临床药师协助医生排除导致患者血小板减少可能的药物因素并最终判定 HIT,提供合理的替代抗凝治疗方案,提出临床药师对于此类患者的药学监护要点。结论临床药师发挥药学专长,积极参与临床实践,有利于患者的用药安全有效。
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关键词(key words)
肝素
血小板减少
临床药师
血液透析


作者
张圣雨
宋惠珠
张秀红
亓志刚