中国科技论文统计源期刊 中文核心期刊  
美国《化学文摘》《国际药学文摘》
《乌利希期刊指南》
WHO《西太平洋地区医学索引》来源期刊  
日本科学技术振兴机构数据库(JST)
第七届湖北十大名刊提名奖  
医药导报, 2019, 38(5): 614-621
doi: 10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2019.05.019
基于CiteSpace的带状疱疹疫苗的研究进展及可视化分析*
Visualization Analysis on Researches of Herpes Zoster Vaccine Based on CiteSpace
范婷, 李新刚, 赵志刚

摘要:

目的 利用可视化分析软件,对带状疱疹疫苗的研究现状、研究热点、发展趋势等进行客观全面地展示与分析,为带状疱疹的研究提供指导与参考。方法 以Web of Science 数据库为检索对象,纳入1980—2017年发表的与带状疱疹疫苗研究相关的文献,应用CiteSpace 5.2.R2版软件对作者、机构、国家、关键词、被引文献等进行可视化分析。结果 最终纳入2155篇符合要求的文章,发文量逐年增加,国际上对于带状疱疹疫苗的研究不断热化,美国的发文量最多,美国疾病预防控制中心、美国科罗拉多大学、美国斯坦福大学、美国哥伦比亚大学等机构所发表的文章居前,日本、欧洲也在该领域有比较深入的研究,各个作者、机构之间的合作较为紧密。结论 带状疱疹疫苗的研究仍处于新兴阶段,具有很强的发展潜力;美国、欧洲、日本对带状疱疹的研究处于世界领先水平;中国在带状疱疹疫苗领域的研究与国际同行相比存在很大的差距。

关键词: 疫苗 ; 带状疱疹 ; CiteSpace软件 ; 可视化分析 ; Web of Science

Abstract:

Objective To conduct an objective and comprehensive analysis of the international research status, research hotspots and development trends of herpes zoster vaccine based on visual analysis software, and provide useful guidance and reference for the research of herpes zoster. Methods The Web of Science database was used as the search object, and the articles related to the herpes zoster vaccine published from 1980 to 2017 were included. Visualizing analysis of the authors, institutions, countries, key words and cited documents was conducted based on CiteSpace 5.2.R2. Results A total of 2155 articles were eventually included, and the number of a publication increased year by year. The international research on the herpes zoster vaccine continues to heat up. The USA has the largest number of publications. The leading institutions were Center for Disease Control and Prevention (USA), the University of Colorado, Stanford University, and Columbia University. Japan and Europe also have conducted in-depth research in this field. The leading authors and agencies have a relatively close relationship. Conclusion The study of herpes zoster vaccine is still under development, which has strong potential. The researches on herpes zoster in USA, Europe, and Japan ranks among the top in the world;China still lags behind its international peers.

Key words: Herpes zoster ; vaccine ; CiteSpace ; Visualization analysis ; Web of Science

带状疱疹是由水痘-带状疱疹病毒(varicella zoster virus,VZV)引起的一种疾病,皮损主要表现为按神经支配区域分布的单侧皮疹,并伴有带状疱疹后神经痛 (postherpetic neuralgia,PHN)、瘢痕、细菌感染、脑膜炎、听力丧失等并发症,严重者可导致死亡[1]。VZV通过空气传播,经呼吸道黏膜或者结膜进入机体,在体内大量复制,导致水痘,随后病毒可延轴突上行,长期潜伏在感觉神经节内,当机体受到某种刺激(如衰老、疲劳、压力、创伤、恶性肿瘤、使用免疫抑制药等)导致机体免疫功能降低时,潜伏的病毒可被重新激活,引发带状疱疹[2,3]。带状疱疹好发于中老年人,在美国,50~60岁人群带状疱疹发病率为0.5%,80岁以上人群则高达1.1%,发病率随年龄的增加而上升,逐渐成为长期困扰中老年人身心健康的疾病之一[4]

目前对于带状疱疹的治疗目标主要是缓解急性期的疼痛,限制皮损的扩散,缩短皮损的持续时间,预防或减轻PHN及其他并发症[5]。尽管带状疱疹患者通过治疗可以迅速恢复健康,但依旧无法在根源上防止病毒重新被激活,患者面临再次或多次复发的可能[6]。因此,相应疫苗的研发,对于控制带状疱疹病毒有着无法取代的重要地位。近年来,对于带状疱疹疫苗的研究迈上了一个新的高度,世界各国都相继进入带状疱疹疫苗的研究行列[7,8]

本研究将应用美国德雷塞尔大学学者陈超美博士开发的科学文献可视化分析的软件CiteSpace 5.2.R2[9],以科学引文索引(Science Citation Index,SCI)数据库Web of Science 平台为资料来源,绘制相关的可视化图谱,对带状疱疹疫苗在国际上的研究现状、研究热点、发展趋势等进行客观全面地展示与分析,为带状疱疹的研究提供指导与参考[10,11]

1 资料与方法
1.1 资料来源

以SCI数据库Web of Science 平台为资料来源,检索策略为:TS=(Herpes Zoster OR Varicella Zoster Virus OR VZV) AND TS=Vaccine AND PY=(1980-2017)。纳入与带状疱疹疫苗相关的基础研究 、临床研究及综述报道,包括期刊文献(article)、综述(review)、会议论文(proceedings paper)。排除新闻、信件,以及重复发表的、与研究无关的文章。最终纳入2155篇符合要求的文章。

1.2 研究方法

将检索并整理出的文献以全纪录纯文本形式导出,并按照CiteSpace要求的格式保存为”download_XXX.txt”,并导入到CiteSpace中。

CiteSpace可以通过可视化的手段呈现科学知识的结构、规律和分布情况,把复杂的知识领域通过数据挖掘、信息处理、知识计量和图形绘制而显示出来,为学科研究提供切实、有价值的参考。

本研究使用的软件版本为CiteSpace 5.2.R2。参数设置:时间分区为1980—2017年,1年为一个时间切片,选取关键词进行共现分析,选取作者、机构、国家进行科研合作网络分析,选取被引文献进行文献共被引分析,其余设置保持默认,绘制相应的可视化图谱。

2 结果
2.1 年度发文量

1980—2017年间,在Web of Science数据库中检索并筛选得到2155 篇符合要求的文章,年度发文量见图1。从图1看出,发文量呈现逐年上升趋势,尤其是在2006年默沙东公司研制的Zostavax[12,13]被美国食品药品管理局(FDA)批准上市之后,发文量大幅增加,反映出国际上对带状疱疹疫苗的研究热度在不断攀升。

图1 1980—2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究年度发文量

Fig.1 Articles of the studies on herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017

2.2 作者

1980—2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究发文量前十的作者见表1,从表1看出,发文量前5的分别是GERSHON A A(73篇)、LEVIN M J(64篇)、ARVIN A M(56篇)、BREUER J(53篇)和SCHMID DS(49篇)。

表1 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究发文量前十的作者
Tab.1 Top ten authors in the publications on herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017
排名 第一作者 发文量/
占总文献
比例/%
1 GERSHON A A 73 3.387
2 LEVIN M J 64 2.970
3 ARVIN A M 56 2.599
4 BREUER J 53 2.459
5 SCHMID D S 49 2.274
6 YAMANISHI K 38 1.763
7 CHAN I S F 31 1.439
8 WEINBERG A 29 1.346
9 ASANO Y 28 1.299
10 HARPAZ R 27 1.253
10 SHIRAKI K 27 1.253
10 TYRING S K 27 1.253

表1 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究发文量前十的作者

Tab.1 Top ten authors in the publications on herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017

利用CiteSpace得到作者合作网络图谱,可以了解带状疱症研究人员的发文量、分布以及相互合作情况,结果见图2。图2中每个节点代表一位作者,节点间的连线代表了作者间存在合作关系,图中标注了发文量在8篇以上的作者的名字。可以看出,在带状疱疹研究领域,存在多个团队,每个团队内部的合作都较为紧密,但是与外部的合作却相对匮乏。

图2 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究者合作网络

Fig.2 Collaboration network of the authors studing herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017

将作者进行聚类,用关键词进行命名后,可以显示每个团队的主要研究方向,见图3、表2。其中聚类ID0,2,4中的研究学者相对较多,主要集中在对带状疱疹疫苗的研发、临床研究以及应用。

图3 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究文献作者、关键词聚类视图

Fig.3 Cluster view of the authors studing herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017

表2 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究文献作者、关键词聚类分析
Tab.2 Cluster analysis on the authors studing herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017
聚类ID 聚类标签 代表作者 研究内容
0 zoster vaccine LEVIN M J、CHAN 带状疱疹疫苗的研
ISF等
2 adult vaccination SCHMID D S、 疫苗的应用
BREUER J等
3 cell-mediated YAMANISHI K、 带状疱疹疫苗的作
immunity WUTZLER P等 机制用
4 paralysis GERSHON A A、 带状疱疹疫苗特殊
ARVIN A M等 人群应用
7 galy BEUTEL P、 带状疱疹疫苗的经
SIEDLER A等 济性研究
10 adult vaccination BRIDGES C B、 对各种疫苗的研究
DEAN A K等
12 seroepidemiology SAUERBREI A、 病毒的流行病学研
JONE L等
14 efficacy Brisson M、 带状疱疹疫苗有效
Edmunds WJ等 性、安全性研究
18 disease burden BOLLAERTS K、 带状疱疹的社会学
BONHOEFFER J 研究

表2 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究文献作者、关键词聚类分析

Tab.2 Cluster analysis on the authors studing herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017

利用CiteSpace突发性检测功能,得到作者在不同年份的发文量突变情况,结果见图4。可以看出最早进行带状疫苗研究的作者是ARVIN A M[14],发文量最多的作者GERSHON[2]在1996—2012年间出现了突出的增长,2014年之后,ACOSTA C I与KAWAII K的发文量突增,而其他作者出现明显的下降趋势。

图4 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究者发文量突发性情况

Fig.4 Publication bursts of the authors studing herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017

2.3 机构

1980—2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究发文量前十的机构,见表3,从中可以看出,美国疾病预防控制中心是发文量最多的机构,在带状疱疹疫苗研究上作出了巨大的贡献,美国科罗拉多大学、美国斯坦福大学、美国哥伦比亚大学等学校,也对带状疱疹疫苗进行了很多的研究。美国默克公司是第一个带状疱疹上市疫苗的研发者,在该领域也有着很大的影响力。值得注意的是,日本大阪大学也进入发文量前十的行列,是前十中唯一一个非美机构,其微生物病研究会在带状疱疹减毒疫苗的研究上有着先进的理论与技术[15,16]

表3 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究发文量前十的机构
Tab.3 Top ten institutes in the publications on herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017
排名 机构 发文量/
占总文献
比例/%
1 美国疾病预防控制中心(CTR DIS 115 5.336
CONTROL PREVENT)
2 美国科罗拉多大学(UNIV COLORADO) 82 3.805
3 美国斯坦福大学(STANFORD UNIV) 76 3.527
4 美国哥伦比亚大学(COLUMBIA UNIV) 64 2.970
5 美国默克公司(MERCK CO INC) 60 2.784
6 日本大阪大学(OSAKA UNIV) 47 2.181
7 美国哥伦比亚大学医学院(COLUMBIA 43 1.995
UNIV COLL PHYS SURG)
8 美国默克实验室(MERCK RES LABS) 43 1.995
9 美国宾州大学(UNIV PENN) 38 1.763
10 美国杜克大学(DUKE UNIV) 37 1.717

表3 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究发文量前十的机构

Tab.3 Top ten institutes in the publications on herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017

利用CiteSpace可以得到机构合作网络图谱,可以了解带状疱疹研究机构的研究成果,以及机构之间相互合作情况,结果见图5。可以看出,在带状疱疹研究领域,发文量大的几个机构之间合作十分紧密。以这几个机构为中心,不断往外辐射,带动学科的整体进步。

图5 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究机构合作网络

Fig.5 Collaboration network of the institutes studing herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017

2.4 地理可视化

利用CiteSpace的地理可视化功能,同时结合Google Earth,对搜索得到的数据进行地理可视化分析,可以模拟全球在带状疱疹疫苗领域研究的交互网状分布,显示该领域的全球化趋势,结果见图6。由此可见,在全球范围内,美国、欧洲、日本在带状疱疹疫苗领域的研究尤其活跃,呈现出以美国、欧洲、日本为核心的全球性交互网络分布,并呈现出全球化的趋势,机构之间的合作、联系紧密。从图中也可以看出,中国在这一领域也有所涉猎,但是研究的活跃程度并不高。

图6 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究的地理可视化图谱(从左至右的中心分别为:美国、欧洲、日本)

Fig.6 Geographic visual images of the publication on herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017 (Centers from left to right are:United States American, Europe, Japan)

2.5 关键词

1980—2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究文章中出现次数前十的关键词,见表4。同时利用CiteSpace进行关键词共现分析,得到图7。从中可以看出,对带状疱疹、疫苗、VZV的研究热度最高;美国在带状疱疹研究领域开展的研究工作最早且最多,在带状疱疹监控方面处于世界领先水平;带状疱疹的流行病学研究也逐步深入,开始建立起完整的流行病学研究策略,为带状疱疹的研发提供了理论基础;针对带状疱疹最常见的后遗症PHN的研究也在同步进行,在控制病情的同时也着眼于减少或者减轻并发症;对于带状疱疹疫苗的安全性、有效性的研究也是一大热点,针对特殊人群,例如老人、儿童等的研究也在同步进行,以期为临床应用提供依据。

表4 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究文章中出现次数前十的关键词
Tab.4 Top ten key words in the publications on herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017
排名 词频 中心度 关键词
1 687 0.17 带状疱疹(herpes zoster)
2 593 0.21 疫苗(vaccine)
3 336 0.11 水痘-带状疱疹病毒(varicella
zoster virus)
4 326 0.06 美国(United satae American)
5 319 0.05 流行病学(epidemiology)
6 313 0.11 免疫(immunization)
7 311 0.04 儿童(children)
8 299 0.10 水痘(varicella)
9 298 0.09 感染(infection)
10 294 0.07 带状疱疹后神经痛(postherpetic
neuralgia)

表4 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究文章中出现次数前十的关键词

Tab.4 Top ten key words in the publications on herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017

图7 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究的关键词共现图谱

Fig.7 Co-occurrence map of key words in the publications on herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017

2.6 文献共被引分析

利用Web of Science数据库自带的分析检索功能,获得被引频次最高的10篇文章,见表5。从中可以看出,OXMAN等2005年发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》上的文章A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults被引次数最多,一共被引用了1173次,文章通过一项随机、双盲、安慰药对照、由28 546例60岁及以上中老年人参与的临床试验,证实了带状疱疹减毒疫苗可以有效降低带状疱疹和PHN的发病率[15]。被引次数前十的文章包括VZV、水痘、带状疱疹、流行病学、免疫学等多个方面。

表5 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究文章中被引频次前十的文章
Tab.5 Top ten cited articles in the publications on herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017
排名 题名 作者 出版物及年、卷、期、页码 被引频次
1 A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and OXMAN M N,LEVIN M J,JOHNSON The New England Journal of Medicine, 1173
postherpetic neuralgia in older adults G R,et al. 2015,352(22):2271-2284.
2 Correlates of Protection Induced by PLOTKIN S A Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 453
Vaccination 2010,17(7):1055-1065.
3 Duration of humoral immunity to AMANNA I J,CARLSON N E,SLIFKA The New England Journal of Medicine, 437
common viral and vaccine antigens M K 2007,357(19):1903-1915.
4 A population-based study of the YAWN B P,SADDIER P,WOLLAN Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 363
incidence and complication rates of P C,et al 2007,82(11):1341.
herpes zoster before zoster vaccine
introduction
5 Review of cytomegalovirus CANNON M J,SCHMID D S,HYDE Reviews in Medical Virology,2010,20 343
seroprevalence and demographic T B (4):202-213.
characteristics associated with
infection
6 Immunological mechanisms of PULENDRAN B,AHMED R Nature Immunology,2011,12(6):509. 312
vaccination
7 The Incidence of Zoster after ASANO The New England Journal of Medicine, 302
Immunization with Live Attenuated 1991,325(22):1545-1550.
Varicella Vaccine - A Study in
Children with Leukemia - NEJM
8 Varicella-zoster virus ARVIN A M Clinical Microbiology Reviews,1996, 299
9(3):361-381.
9 Varicella HEININGER U,SEWARD J F Lancet,2006,368(9544):1365-1376. 261
10 Epidemiology of varicella zoster virus BRISSON M,EDMUNDS W J,LAW B, Epidemiology & Infection,2001, 252
infection in Canada and the United et al 127(2):305.
Kingdom

表5 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究文章中被引频次前十的文章

Tab.5 Top ten cited articles in the publications on herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017

如果2篇文献同时出现在第3篇施引文献的参考文献目录中,那么这2篇文献形成共被引关系。通过对一个文献空间数据集合进行文献共被引关系的挖掘,可以展示出引文网络的分布特征,从而揭示研究的重点与趋势。文献共被引分析是CiteSpace最具亮点的功能,利用CiteSpace对1980—2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究的被引文献进行分析,得到图8,根据标题聚类后,得到图9。从图9看出,带状疱疹疫苗的研究依旧是热门内容,以OXMAN等2015年发表的提示带状疱疹减毒疫苗有效性的文章文章形成了一个共被引文献中心,从引文年轮可见至今仍被大量引用。LARUSSA 等[17]1992年发表的文章发现了一种新的分子流行病学方法,可用于VZV株鉴定,在病毒分离鉴定方面也被大量引用。LOPAREV等[18]2004年发表的文章研究了VZV的基因型,为病毒基因分型工作提供了方向,在病毒基因检测方面被广泛引用。

图8 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究文献共被引图谱

Fig.8 Co-citation network of the publications on herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017

图9 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究文献共被引标题聚类视图

Fig.9 Cluster view of co-citation articles on herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017

将被引文献通过时间线的形式表现出来,可以揭示领域研究的历史轨迹及与其他主题的关系。将被引文献进行聚类,并以标题进行命名后,利用CiteSapce绘制时间被引文献的时间线图,得到图10。对于带状疱疹的研究自20世纪80年代就开始了,研究热度逐年增加,21世纪开始出现突增。近期的研究热点主要在于带状疱疹减毒疫苗、VZV危害、提高疫苗覆盖率以及分子流行病学。通过图中的连线也可以了解到,不同年代的研究之间存在明显的递呈关系,表明研究层层递进,研究前沿与研究基础之间关系非常紧密。

图10 1980一2017年带状疱疹疫苗研究文献共被引时间线图

Fig.10 Time view of co-citation articles on herpes zoster vaccine from 1980 to 2017

3 讨论

本研究从国际权威的科学引文索引数据库Web of Science收集带状疱疹疫苗相关的信息,采用科学文献可视化分析的软件CiteSpace进行可视化分析,对作者、机构、国家、关键词、被引文献等研究主体进行分析,有助于把握该领域研究的演变规律、前沿热点、发展趋势等。

从发文量来看,国际上对于带状疱疹疫苗的研究不断热化,随着Zostavax、Shingrix等带状疱疹疫苗的不断上市,带状疱疹疫苗市场将会不断被开拓,带状疱疹疫苗的研究热度将会有增无减。美国在带状疱疹疫苗的研究方面占据着核心主导地位,同时欧洲、日本也各自形成了自己的中心,三者在带状疱疹疫苗研究领域领先,中国由于尚未开展带状疱疹的研究调查和建立带状疱疹的检测系统,在带状疱疹疫苗研究上落后于美国、欧洲、日本,后期能否跟进需要众多学者和机构的共同努力,加强与国际高水平科研机构的合作交流。对于带状疱疹疫苗的研究,除了政府部门、大学之外,一些企业,例如美国默克公司、美国葛兰素史克公司等纷纷投入大量人力、物力、财力,说明带状疱疹疫苗领域的潜力。在这一领域,文章数量最多作者是GERSHON A A,而被引频次最高的文章是 OXMAN等2005年发表的文章,这些被引频次高的文章,一般都发表在The New England Journal of MedicineClinical and Vaccine ImmunologyLancet等水平极高、发表难度极大的核心期刊中。通过研究分析,未来几年带状疱疹疫苗领域的热点主要会集中在带状病毒疫苗的研发、临床研究及应用,带状疱疹的流行病学研究与防控,VZV的分子流行病学、基因组学研究。

本研究也存在一些局限性,仅对Web of Science数据库中的文献进行了分析,在数据信息的收集上会有所缺漏,会对研究结果产生一定影响,但并不影响对该领域的整体把握,其结论依旧具有很重要的指导意义。

带状疱疹及其并发症给患者带来长期痛苦,严重影响患者的生活质量,对于带状疱疹疫苗的研究应运而生。目前,带状疱疹疫苗的研究仍处于新兴阶段,日益受到人们的重视,美国、欧洲、日本相继研究出了有效的带状疱疹疫苗,其中一部分已经上市应用。我国在带状疱疹疫苗领域的研究与国际同行相比,存在很大的差距。随着我国老龄化进程加快、工作生活压力增加、艾滋病、白血病等免疫系统疾病发病率的增加,带状疱疹的发病率将不断升高。因此,我国应加快对带状疱疹疫苗的研究,加大投入,建立完善的带状疱疹防控系统,推动公共卫生事业的发展。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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关键词(key words)
疫苗
带状疱疹
CiteSpace软件
可视化分析
Web of Science

Herpes zoster
vaccine
CiteSpace
Visualization analysis
Web of Science

作者
范婷
李新刚
赵志刚

FAN Ting
LI Xingang
ZHAO Zhigang