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医药导报, 2017, 36(8): 862-864
doi: 10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2017.08.005
聚乙烯亚胺促进腺病毒体外基因表达
Polyethylenimine Polymer Promotes Gene Transduction of Adenovirus in Vitro
颜丹萍, 张洪, 马频

摘要:

目的 筛选较合适相对分子质量的聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)用于提高腺病毒载体基因表达效率。方法 首先以物理吸附法使PEI与腺病毒相吸附,用噻唑蓝(MTT)法考察PEI-600、PEI-1 800、PEI-25 000 复合腺病毒对细胞的毒性;利用体外A549细胞转导实验确定PEI-600、PEI-1 800 和PEI-25 000复合腺病毒的最佳剂量比,并对复合物的Zeta电位和粒径分布进行考察分析。结果 MTT实验证明PEI相对分子质量越大,细胞毒性越大,其中PEI-25 000毒性最大;细胞转导试验中,PEI-1 800相对于PEI-600和PEI-25 000更显著促进腺病毒基因在A549细胞中的表达;Zeta电位测定结果显示PEI可以将腺病毒的表面负电荷转变为表面正电荷的粒子。结论 在3种聚合物/腺病毒的复合物中,细胞毒性与聚合物的相对分子质量和浓度呈正相关。相对分子质量越大,浓度越大则聚合物对细胞毒性越大。

关键词: 聚乙烯亚胺 ; 分子质量 ; 相对 ; 腺病毒 ; 转导效率

Abstract:

Objective To select polyethylenimine polymer with proper molecular weight to enhance the gene expression efficiency of Adenovirus (Ad). Methods Ad was resepcitively complexed with PEI-600,PEI-1 800 and PEI 25 000 by electrostatic adsorption.Afterwards,MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to investigate the cytotoxicity of the complexes with a serial concentration,followed by cell transduction assay to select the best amount of PEI with fixed dose of Ad.In the further,the physicochemical characteristics of the optimized complexes,Zeta potential,and size distribution were studied. Results MTT showed the higher the PEI moderate molecular weight was,the greater the cytotoxity was.PEI-25 000 showed a greater cytotoxicity than that of PEI-600 and PEI-1 800.As compared with PEI-600 and PEI-25 000,PEI-1 800 significanlty promoted expression of Ad gene in A549 cells.PEI turned the Zeta potential of Ad from negative to positive charge. Conclusion In the three kinds of polymer/adenovirus compounds,the cytotoxicity of the compound is positively correlated with the polymer molecular weight and concentration.The greater molecular weight the polymer as well as the higher the concentration are,the higher the cytotoxicity is.

Key words: Polyethylenimine ; Molecular weight ; relation ; Adenovirus ; Gene transduction

缺陷型的5型腺病毒载体因其良好的生物活性和安全性常用于肿瘤基因治疗和疫苗的研究中,以药剂学方法进一步和非病毒载体结合是提高腺病毒转导效率以及减少其免疫原性的常用手段之一[1]。因此寻找并筛选有潜力的非病毒载体也是提高腺病毒载体临床有效性和安全性的热点、难点问题。理想的材料不仅可提高外源基因转染效率,而且细胞毒性较低,对细胞的正常生理特性影响较小,且便于实施。聚乙烯亚胺(poly ethylenimine,PEI)作为一种阳离子生物材料,可成为阴离子脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的载体,保护DNA免受核酶降解,同时,紧密结合的粒子有利于被细胞通过自发过程(如内吞、吞噬、胞饮过程)摄入,显著提高外源性核酸的转染效率。通常研究者会以相对分子质量为25 000的PEI(PEI-25 000)作为腺病毒基因转导研究中筛选其他材料的参照组[2-3],但是很少学者研究PEI相对分子质量与腺病毒载体基因转导效率之间具体的关系。本实验通过研究3种相对分子质量的PEI聚合物(PEI-600、PEI-1 800和PEI-25 000)分别和腺病毒载体复合后对细胞毒性的影响及对A549细胞转导效率的影响,筛选较合适相对分子质量的PEI,为外源基因转染细胞技术提供了重要的参考。

1 仪器与试剂
1.1 仪器

酶标仪(美国Perki Elme公司);Zeta sizer Nano ZS90系列激光粒度分析仪(英国 Malvern)。

1.2 试剂

RPMI-1640培养液(2014081201),胎牛血清(美国Hyclone公司);RIPA细胞裂解液(中国碧云天生物技术有限公司,批号:P0013D)、BCA 试剂盒(批号:20201ES76)和噻唑蓝(MTT,中国碧云天生物技术有限公司,批号:ST316);相对分子质量为600,1 800和25 000的聚乙烯亚胺(美国Sigma公司);编码β-半乳糖苷酶基因的腺病毒(Ad-LacZ; 浓度为1×1011 vps·mL-1,北京本元正阳基因技术有限公司,批号:Ad0114d);人肺腺癌上皮细胞系A549(中国科学院武汉病毒所馈赠)。

2 方法与结果
2.1 腺病毒/PEI复合物纳米粒的制备

固定腺病毒的滴度,将PEI-600、PEI-1 800、PEI-25 000以高压灭菌的双蒸水配制成一系列浓度,然后取等量体积的聚合物与腺病毒溶液混合,用枪尖轻轻吹打混匀,室温静置20 min使充分吸附形成纳米粒。

2.2 MTT实验

将生长状态良好的A549细胞消化后用RPMI 1640完全培养液配制成单细胞悬液,血细胞计数板细胞计数后,以RPMI 1640完全培养液调整细胞浓度为1×105个·mL-1,每孔100 μL接种于96孔板中,置于37 ℃、5%二氧化碳(CO2)及饱和湿度条件下的CO2培养箱中培养24 h;次日制备PEI-600/Ad,PEI-1 800/Ad,PEI-25 000/Ad复合物样品(使每孔腺病毒的量为1×105个·mL-1,PEI-600,PEI-1 800,PEI-25 000终浓度为1,10,25,50 μg·mL-1(n=3)。样品制备好后加入到96孔板中,于CO2孵箱中继续培养24 h。加MTT液20 μL,于37 ℃、5%CO2孵箱中孵育4 h,小心弃去MTT液和培养基,加DMSO 150 μL,37 ℃轻微震摇30 min使形成的甲臜结晶充分溶解,最后于酶标仪上570 nm处读取各孔的吸光度(A)值。按照下列公式计算细胞相对存活率:细胞相对存活率(%)=(A样品-A背景)/(A对照孔-A背景)×100%,结果如图1所示。可知,聚合物在低浓度(1 μg·mL-1)下对细胞没有明显的毒性,但是随着聚合物浓度加大到10 μg·mL-1,PEI-25 000相对低分子的PEI-600和PEI-1 800显示出明显的细胞毒性,其孵育的细胞相对存活率为75.4%(P<0.01),随着材料浓度继续加大,PEI-25 000毒性越显著。当其浓度为50 μg·mL-1时,其细胞存活率为9.4%。而在实验所设的浓度范围内(1~50 μg·mL-1),PEI-600和PEI-1 800都没有明显的细胞毒性。由此可知,在聚合物/腺病毒的复合物中,细胞毒性与聚合物的相对分子质量和浓度呈正相关。相对分子质量越大,浓度越大则聚合物对细胞毒性越大。相比之下,相对分子质量较小的聚合物毒性较小,相对较安全。

图1 3种相对分子质量4种剂量的PEI对的A549细胞毒性的比较(x¯±s,n=3)
与PEI-600组比较,*1P<0.01

Fig.1 Comparison of the cytotoxicity among three PEIs with different moleculer weight and at four doses on A549 cells(x¯±s,n=3)
Compared with PEI-600 group,*1P<0.01

2.3 细胞转导实验

选取体外培养的生长状态良好,处于对数生长期的A549细胞,胰酶消化后以其单细胞悬液接种于24孔板中(1×105个·mL-1),于37 ℃、5%CO2细胞培养箱中培养24 h;第2天给药前,固定腺病毒剂量为每孔2×108 vps,制备不同浓度比例的PEI-600/Ad、PEI-1 800/Ad、PEI-25 000/Ad复合物样品,使每孔聚合物的总剂量为25,50,150,450,600,750,1 000 ng。磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)轻轻洗板2次后,每孔加无抗无血清RPMI 1640培养液200 μL,样品50 μL。在CO2培养箱中孵育4 h后,换成新鲜的RPMI 1640完全培养液,继续在37 ℃、5%CO2及饱和湿度条件下的CO2培养箱中培养24 h后,进行β-gal的定量分析,结果如图2所示。由图2 可知PEI-25 000的最合适剂量为150 ng·mL-1,细胞β-gal表达水平为 1.56 U·mg-1,相对裸病毒1.13 U·mg-1有所升高,但两组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PEI-600对腺病毒的最佳剂量为750 ng,β-gal表达水平为 2.97 U·mg-1,相比裸病毒有显著的促进作用(P<0.001)。低毒性的PEI-1 800对腺病毒的转导作用尤为显著,在最佳剂量450 ng时,其β-gal表达水平为6.92 U·mg-1,相对裸病毒提高了近6.12倍(P<0.01)。因此,本实验结果表明,相对分子质量适中的PEI-1 800相对分子大的PEI-25 000和相对分子质量小的PEI-600更适用于腺病毒载体,进而提高腺病毒的基因转导。

图2 3种相对分子质量7种剂量的PEI腺病毒复合物基因表达的比较(x¯±s,n=3)
与裸病毒组比较,*1P<0.01

Fig.2 Comparison of gene expression of PET adenovirus compound among three PEIs with different moleculer weight and at seven doses(x¯±s,n=3)
Compared with naked virus,*1P<0.01

2.4 粒径分布和Zeta电位测定

根据以上实验所确定PEI和腺病毒的最合适剂量比,对优化的PEI/Ad复合物进行Zeta电位测定和粒径分布考察。首先配制一定浓度的PEI-600、 PEI-1 800和PEI-25 000的水溶液,然后按照“2.1”项下方法制备样品裸病毒(Ad)、PEI-600/Ad、PEI-1 800/Ad 和PEI-25 000/Ad,每个样品含Ad的总粒子数为5×1010 vps。制备好后,加纯化水稀释至1 mL。接下来进行Zeta电位测定:采用Zetasizer Nano ZS90分析仪,设置 25 ℃,17 °散射角,加入1 mL纯化水稀释,加入电位测定池。粒径测定:制备好后,加纯化水稀释至1 mL,调节光强度至300左右,介质水的折光率(n)为1.333,黏度(q)为0.933 mPs·s,测定温度25 ℃,维持时间 2 min,测定循环次数为系统自动设定。将样品转移至样品池中,采用激光粒度-电位分析仪Zeta Sizer ZS90测定粒径(英国马尔文公司),结果如表1所示。由表1可知,裸病毒的Zeta 电位是-15.26±0.38,复合聚合物材料后,电位转为正。PEI-600/Ad的电位为(8.33±0.1.23) mV,PEI-1 800/Ad为(15.64±0.73) mV,PEI-25 000/Ad为(18.28±2.37) mV,说明聚合物已经结合在腺病毒表面形成了新的复合粒子。粒径测定的结果显示裸病毒(108.45±4.69) nm,PEI 600/Ad为(398.16±74.37) nm,PEI-1 800/Ad为(482.73±56.91) nm,PEI-25 000/Ad 粒径达到微米以上(1 350.45±108.91)nm,这说明分子大的聚合物PEI-25 000更容易诱导腺病毒聚集。

表1 3种相对分子质量PEI/Ad 复合物的粒径分布及Zeta 电位比较
Tab.1 Comparison of Zeta potential and size distribution among three PEI/Ad compounds with different moleculer weight
检测物 Zeta电位/
mV
粒径/
nm
PDI
Ad -15.26±0.38 108.45±4.69 0.030±0.025
PEI-600/Ad 8.33±0.23 398.16±74.37 0.337±0.228
PEI-1 800/Ad 15.64±0.73 482.73±56.18 0.114±0.067
PEI-25 000/Ad 18.28±2.37 1350.45±108.91 0.589±0.192

表1 3种相对分子质量PEI/Ad 复合物的粒径分布及Zeta 电位比较

Tab.1 Comparison of Zeta potential and size distribution among three PEI/Ad compounds with different moleculer weight

3 讨论

阳离子材料聚乙烯亚胺常用于促进腺病毒载体转染效率的研究中,其促转染效率与PEI/DNA形成复合物的表面电荷、粒子尺寸、结构屈曲性及PEI相对分子质量有关。PEI 可以以物理吸附的方式和腺病毒结合,使粒子电荷由负电荷转变为正电荷,增加与细胞的吸附性从而促进其转导以及基因表达[4]。有研究表明PEI-25 000表现出比其他相对分子质量的PEI更良好的促进质粒DNA的转染效率的作用,而本研究结果证明中等分子的PEI(PEI-1 800)较其他相对分子质量(PEI-600 和PEI-25 000)更有利于促进腺病毒的基因表达且细胞毒性相对较小,反而PEI-25 000并没有表现出明显的促进转染效率的作用(P>0.05),且PEI-25 000/Ad复合物具有较大细胞毒性,并和浓度呈正相关,这可能与被转染细胞不同的生理性质有关。在理化性质的考察中,PEI-25 000更容易诱导腺病毒聚集,这种诱导可能源于PEI相对分子质量过多的正电荷。而粒径增大也导致入胞难度增加。另一种推测是虽然正电荷的粒子有助于与带负电荷的细胞相吸附,但太多正电荷使入胞后,腺病毒难以在内吞体中解离出来从而限制了其基因表达,其原因有待进一步研究。总之,本实验结果表明PEI-1 800作为一种安全有效的生物材料,在促进腺病毒载体的研究中,是一种较有潜力的非病毒载体,为腺病毒非病毒载体的筛选提供了参考和依据。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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关键词(key words)
聚乙烯亚胺
分子质量
相对
腺病毒
转导效率

Polyethylenimine
Molecular weight
relation
Adenovirus
Gene transduction

作者
颜丹萍
张洪
马频

YAN Danping
ZHANG Hong
MA Pin