术前焦虑、手术导致的组织创伤、术中大量失血、异体血输入、低温、疼痛以及药物等均可导致患者免疫功能的抑制,增加了术后感染发生的几率,对于肿瘤患者,免疫功能的抑制意味着术后微肿瘤病灶转移的高风险,因此尽可能采取各种方法减轻手术后免疫功能抑制是围术期一个重要的研

<B>目的</B> 探讨在高原地区,给予产妇产程吸氧对分娩的影响。<B>方法 </B>选取2008年5月在西藏拉萨市妇幼保健院产科住院分娩的无产科合并症40名产妇为观察组,选取2007年同期5月曾在拉萨市妇幼保健院住院分娩、无产科合并症、产程未吸氧的59名产妇为对照组。观察组在确认其宫口开全、进入第二产程后给予双鼻导管持续管道氧气吸入,氧气流量为2~3 L/min,直至胎儿娩出。将吸氧观察组与不吸氧对照组进行比较,观察分析吸氧对分娩的影响。同时观察组记录吸氧前产妇的心率、血氧饱和度,及吸氧10 min后的心率及血氧饱和度的数值,对进行吸氧前后的自身比较,来观察吸氧对产妇生理指标的影响。<B>结果 </B>1 观察组与对照组产妇的一般情况即年龄、藏族构成比、孕次、产次、产检次数、分娩孕周比较差异无统计学意义;生理指标如心率、平均动脉压和血红蛋白含量差异也无统计学意义。2 观察组第二产程时间(32.51±22.80)min,产后出血量为(211.25±95.06)mL,侧切率为55%(22/40),羊水污染率为20%(8/40);对照组第二产程时间为(32.27±25.98)min,产后出血量为(248.47±107.62)mL,侧切率为38.98%(23/59),羊水污染率为35.59%(21/59)。2组数据差异无统计学意义。观察组新生儿1分钟阿氏评分为8.200±0.687,5分钟阿氏评分为9.23±0.53,对照组新生儿1分钟阿氏评分为8.14±0.81,5分钟阿氏评分为9.20±0.61,差异无统计学意义。新生儿体质量、身长,胎儿附属物包括胎盘的体积、脐带的长度、脐带绕颈的比例等2组数据差异均无统计学意义。3 观察组吸氧前血氧饱和度SO<SUB>2</SUB>为(93.40±3.23)%,吸氧后的SO<SUB>2</SUB>为(96.58±1.62)%,平均上升3.18%,差异有统计学意义。吸氧前心率(heart beat rate,HR)为(83.50±10.86)次/分,吸氧后的HR为(77.75±9.12)次/分,平均每分钟下降5.75次,差异有统计学意义。<B>结论 </B>久居高原的妇女通过机体适应性改变,已经能够适应高原的缺氧环境。产妇即使在第二产程机体耗氧量最大时,通过机体的代偿反应,也能够保证机体的供氧,不至于由于缺氧影响子宫收缩造成产程延长以及引起产后出血量的增加。同时高原地区产妇子宫动脉及胎盘也发生了一系列适应性改变,以适应高原的缺氧环境保证胎儿的供应,在第二产程过程中不会出现因高原低氧分压引起新生儿窒息发生的可能增加。因此,对于正常的产妇产程过程没有缺氧表现,第二产程吸氧不改变产程的时间,也对新生儿的评分没有明显的影响,无需常规吸氧。但是,由于高原特有的低氧环境会对人体心脏产生普遍的负面影响,吸氧可以提高机体氧气的供给,减轻母体的代偿反应,这对高原地区的产妇的心脏具有一定的保护作用, 尤其是那些心脏已经发生高原性病理改变的产妇。

Our objective in a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo- and active-controlled study was to evaluate and compare the analgesic effectiveness of single intravenous (IV) doses of parecoxib sodium 20 and 40 mg, morphine 4 mg, and ketorolac 30 mg in the postsurgical orthopedic pain model. After undergoing unilateral total knee replacement surgery, 208 healthy adult patients were randomized to receive placebo or a study drug within 6 hours of discontinuation of patient-controlled analgesia on postoperative day 1. Onset of analgesia was similarly rapid with IV parecoxib sodium 40 mg, morphine, and ketorolac. Level and duration of analgesia were significantly superior with parecoxib sodium than with morphine and were similar for parecoxib sodium and ketorolac. Parecoxib sodium was safe and well tolerated. In conclusion, IV parecoxib sodium 40 mg is as effective as ketorolac 30 mg and is more effective than morphine 4 mg and therefore has potential widespread utility in acute postoperative pain management.

This multicenter, multiple-dose, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study compared the analgesic efficacy and safety of two dosing regimens of parecoxib sodium (parecoxib) versus placebo after total hip arthroplasty. On study Day 1, 490 patients received a postoperative initial loading dose of IV parecoxib 40 mg, followed by a re-dose of parecoxib 20 mg in 484 of 490 patients. Subsequently, 479 randomized patients received double-blind treatment with parecoxib 20 mg bid (n = 159), parecoxib 20 mg qd (n = 159) followed by placebo, or placebo (n = 161) on Day 2. Patients treated with parecoxib 20 mg bid reported significantly lower summed pain intensity over 24 h (SPI-24) scores and improved patients' global evaluation of study medication (PGESM) ratings compared with placebo-treated patients on Days 2 to 5 (P < 0.05). For patients treated with parecoxib 20 mg qd, SPI-24 scores were significantly lower on Days 3 and 4 (P < 0.05), and PGESM ratings significantly improved on Day 5 compared with placebo. The incidence of adverse events was similar in all treatment groups with the exception of fever, vomiting and impaired concentration, which were significantly more common in the placebo group compared with one or other of the parecoxib treatment groups (P < 0.05). Multiple-day administration of parecoxib 20 mg once or twice daily is effective and generally well tolerated after total hip arthroplasty.

帕瑞昔布是一种新型的特异性环氧化酶-2(COX-2)抑制剂，临床上用于中度或重度术后急性疼痛的治疗，药物不良反应少，耐受良好。

The postoperative period is accompanied with neuroendocrine, metabolic and immune alteration which is caused by tissue damage, anesthesia, postoperative pain and psychological stress. Postoperative pain contributes to dysfunction of immune response as a result of interaction between central nervous and immune system. The postoperatively activated hypotalamo ituitary drenocortical axis, sympathic and parasympathic nerve systems are important modulators of immune response. According to bidirectional communication of immune and nervous system, appropriate postoperative pain management could affect immune response in postoperative period. Although the postoperative suppression of immune response has been reported, a very little are known about the influences of different pain management techniques on cytotoxic function of immune cells in patients with colorectal cancer in early postoperative period. Perforin is a cytotoxic molecule expressed by activated lymphocytes which has a crucial role in elimination of tumor cells and virus-infected cells, mostly during the effector phase of immune response. Immune compromise during the postoperative period could affect the healing processes, incidence of postoperative infections and rate and size of tumor metastases disseminated during operation. The pharmacological management of postoperative pain in patients with malignancies uses very different analgesic techniques whose possible influence on cytotoxic functions of immune cells are still understood poor. For decades the most common way of treating postoperative pain after colorectal cancer surgery was intravenous analgesia with opiods. In the last decade many investigations pointed out that opiods can also contribute to postoperative suppression of immune response. Epidural analgesia is a regional anesthesia technique that acts directly on the origin of pain impulses and pain relief can be achieved with small doses of opiods combined with local anesthetics. Local anesthetics potentate analgesic properties of opiods but per se are also acting as antiinflammatory drugs. Afferent neural blockade by epidural analgesia attenuates neuroendocrine stress response. We propose that epidural analgesia could be more convenient that intravenous analgesia in maintenance of immunological homeostasis that is altered by surgical stress, tumor growth and pain.