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医药导报, 2019, 38(1): 96-99
doi: 10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2019.01.022
血流感染老年患者万古霉素血药谷浓度与急性肾损伤的相关性*
Correlation Between Plasma Valley Concentration of Vancomycin and Acute Renal Injury in Elderly Patients with Bloodstream Infection
李俊1,, 黄华田2, 周甘平1,

摘要:

目的 分析重症医学科(ICU)老年患者耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)血流感染治疗药物万古霉素的血药浓度监测(TDM)与急性肾损伤(AKI)的关系,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法 遴选2016年7月—2017年5月符合标准的ICU老年患者48例,参考药品说明书老年人推荐剂量给予万古霉素1 g·d-1,分2次给药,5个半衰期后,即血药浓度达稳态后,采用液相色谱法测定万古霉素稳态谷、峰浓度。根据AKI诊断标准分为AKI组和非AKI组。临床药师根据TDM结果,结合患者个体病程,辅助调整临床用药。最后分别比较治疗5个半衰期后、7 d后两组之间万古霉素平均谷浓度、峰浓度差异。结果 万古霉素血药浓度达到稳态后,稳态谷浓度、峰浓度在治疗窗范围内的患者仅占36.46%,谷浓度低于治疗窗范围占43.75%。发生AKI 27例(56.25%),未发生AKI 21例(43.75%)。谷浓度5~10 mg·L-1,>10~20 mg·L-1,>20 mg·L-1患者发生AKI的概率分别为23.81%,77.78%,88.89%。不同谷浓度范围发生AKI概率差异有统计学意义。根据万古霉素TDM结果调整剂量治疗7 d后,发生AKI 35例(72.92%),未发生AKI13例(27.08%)。治疗5个半衰期后,两组万古霉素平均谷浓度差异有统计学意义;治疗7 d后两组万古霉素平均谷浓度差异无统计学意义。结论 危重症老年患者具有特殊的病理生理状态,使用万古霉素治疗个体差异大,应加强TDM监测。AKI发生因素除了万古霉素血药浓度外,还与患者的年龄、基础疾病、感染严重程度等因素有关。

关键词: 万古霉素 ; 损伤 ; ; 急性 ; 血药浓度监测 ; 血流感染

Abstract:

Objective By analyzing of the correlation between plasma concentration and acute renal injury of the vancomycin in elderly patients with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)bloodstream infection in intensive care unit(ICU). Methods By selecting 48 cases of ICU elderly patients who met the criteria from July 2016 to May 2017 , the vancomycin twice a day with a dose of 1 g·d-1 were given according to the drug instructions for the elderly patients. Then a HPLC method was established for the determination of the serum trough and peak concentration of vancomycin after 5 half-lives(5t1/2).The cases were divided into two groups of AKI and non-AKI according to the diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injury (AKI).After that, the clinical pharmacists could help to adjust the clinical medication regimen according to the results of TDM monitoring and the patients' individual courses. At last, the differences of the average trough and the average peak concentration of vancomycin concentration after 5t1/2 and 7days between the two groups were compared. Results After 5t1/2 of vancomycin,the trough and peak concentration of vancomycin in the treatment window were only 36.46% and the trough concentration lower than the treatment window were 43.75%.Among the 48 cases,27 cases(56.25%) caught the AKI while the other 21 cases(43.75%) didn’t. The rate of occurrence of AKI was 23.81%, 77.78% and 88.89%, respectively, in the patients with the trough concentration of 5-10 mg·L-1 ,>10-20 mg·L-1 and >20 mg·L-1. There were significant differences in the probability of catching a AKI between different trough concentrations. Among the 48 cases,35 cases(72.92%) caught the AKI while the other 13 cases (27.08%) didn’t after the dosage adjustment for 7days according to the results of vancomycin TDM monitoring. Compared with the trough concentration between the two groups, the difference was statistically significant after 5t1/2 of vancomycin while had no statistical significance after 7days. Conclusion The elderly patients with critical diseases have special pathophysiological status. When using the vancomycin, they should be strengthened the TDM monitoring because the effective concentrations of the drugs varied in different patients. In addition to considering the concentration of vancomycin, the age、underlying diseases and the severity of the infection should be taken into consideration.

Key words: Vancomycin ; Injury ; kidney ; acute ; Blood drug concentration monitoring ; Bloodstream infection

万古霉素为糖肽类抗菌药物,对革兰阳性球菌有强大杀菌力,是目前临床治疗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、表皮葡萄球菌和肠球菌等耐药菌引起重症感染的首选药。虽然目前已有少数抗多重耐药阳性菌的药物上市,但尚无法取代万古霉素在临床MRSA血流感染治疗中的主流地位[1,2]。美国感染病协会(Infectious Diseases Society of America,IDSA)MRSA治疗指南[3]中指出严重MRSA感染治疗成败与万古霉素血药谷浓度的高低有关,从万古霉素治疗的有效性考虑,建议提高万古霉素剂量使其血药谷浓度达15~20 mg·L-1。另外,危重症老年患者特殊病生理状态下药动学个体差异大,易发生因万古霉素剂量暴露不足影响临床疗效或浓度过高增加发生肾毒性和耳毒性的危险,因此建议对使用万古霉素治疗的老年患者行血药浓度监测。笔者对48例血流感染老年患者万古霉素血药浓度的监测结果进行统计分析及安全性评价,为老年患者个体化给药方案提供参考。

1 资料与方法
1.1 资料

遴选2016年7月—2017年5月入住我院重症监护室老年患者(年龄≥65岁,体质量>40 kg),确诊为MRSA血流感染且经临床医师评估需使用万古霉素并行血药浓度监测。最终纳入患者48例。男39例,女9例,年龄(76.26±9.58)岁,体质量(58.00±10.25) kg,基础血清肌酐(75.26±18.45)μmol·L-1,高血压32例,糖尿病27例,休克22例。排除标准:纳入试验前已确诊的各种急慢性肾功能不全或接受肾脏替代治疗者;入组前3 d内使用过万古霉素或对万古霉素过敏者;资料、数据不完整者。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 给药方法 参考万古霉素(商品名:稳可信,规格:每瓶500 mg,礼来苏州制药有限公司,生产批号:C585410,批准文号:H20080356)药品说明书老年人推荐剂量,给予万古霉素1 g·d-1,分2次给药。

1.2.2 血药浓度检测方法 用药第5剂后、第6剂开始用药前30 min,第6剂用药结束后60 min分别采集静脉血3 mL,分离血清,采用全自动在线二维前端液相色谱系统(型号:FCG-2701,长沙安莱科分析仪器有限公司)分别测定万古霉素稳态谷浓度、峰浓度。

1.2.3 急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)诊断标准 诊断标准:肾功能突然减退(48 h内),血清肌酐绝对值升高>26.5 μmol·L-1,或肌酐较前升高50%,或尿量减少(尿量<0.5 mL·kg-1·h-1),时间超过6 h[4]。根据AKI诊断标准,入选患者分为AKI组和非AKI组。

1.2.4 万古霉素剂量调整 近年来基于减少万古霉素耐药性,IDSA和美国感染病药师协会联合发布了《万古霉素血药浓度监测指南》,对万古霉素的推荐治疗谷浓度范围,从原来5~10 mg·L-1提高到10~ 20 mg · L - 1 [ 5 ] 。将万古霉素谷浓度范围作为决策点,将不同范围万古霉素谷浓度划分为3个亚群(谷浓度分别为5~10,>10~20,>20 mg·L-1),生成树型图,临床药师应用此决策树[6],对血药浓度结果作解读,结合患者的感染指标(主要指体温、血常规、C反应蛋白、降钙素原等)及肾功能情况,提出用药调整建议,具体见图1。

图1 万古霉素血药浓度个体化解读决策树

Fig.1 Decision tree of individualized interpretation of vancomycin blood concentration

1.2.5 统计学方法 采用SPSS19.0版统计软件,计量资料用均数±标准差( x ¯ ±s)表示,利用统计学方法对血药浓度值进行正态转化,并进行t检验。计数资料釆用频数描述,用百分率表示,两组患者间比较采用χ2检验。以P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2 结果
2.1 血药浓度分布情况

48例老年患者万古霉素血药浓度达到稳态后,稳态谷浓度在治疗窗范围内(10~20 mg·L-1)的仅占37.50%,低于治疗窗范围的占43.75%,老年患者使用万古霉素治疗个体差异大。具体分布见表1。

表1 万古霉素血清谷浓度和峰浓度分布情况
Tab.1 Distribution of serum trough concentration and peak concentration of vancomycin
血清谷浓度/
(mg·L-1)
例次 百分率/
%
5~10 21 43.75
>10~20 18 37.50
>20 9 18.75
血清峰浓度/
(mg·L-1)
例次 百分率/
%
<25 17 35.42
≥25~40 26 54.17
>40 5 10.42

表1 万古霉素血清谷浓度和峰浓度分布情况

Tab.1 Distribution of serum trough concentration and peak concentration of vancomycin

2.2 万古霉素血药谷浓度和AKI的相关性

使用万古霉素治疗,经过5个半衰期后,共有27例(56.25%)患者发生AKI。谷浓度5~10 mg·L-1,>10~20 mg·L-1,>20 mg·L-1患者发生AKI的比例分别为23.81%,77.78%,88.89%,不同谷浓度范围发生AKI比例差异有统计学意义(χ2=16.27,P<0.01)。通过分析比较AKI组和非AKI组老年患者的基础资料,结果表明:年龄、APACHEII评分,以及合并糖尿病、感染性休克等因素,与AKI的发生密切相关(P<0.05)。具体见表2,3。

表2 万古霉素平均谷浓度和AKI的相关性
Tab.2 Correlation between mean trough concentration of vancomycin and AKI
组别 谷浓度5~
10 mg·L-1
谷浓度>10~
20 mg·L-1
谷浓度>
20 mg·L-1
发生AKI
比例
发生AKI
比例
发生AKI
比例
AKI组 5 5/21 14 14/18 8 8/9
非AKI组 16 16/21 4 4/18 1 1/9
合计 21 - 18 - 9 -

表2 万古霉素平均谷浓度和AKI的相关性

Tab.2 Correlation between mean trough concentration of vancomycin and AKI

表3 AKI组和非AKI组老年患者的基础资料
Tab.3 Basic data of AKI group and non-AKI group of elderly patients x¯±s
组别 例数 年龄/
Cr/
(μmol·L-1)
APACHEII
评分
AKI组 27 81.55±12.38 75.22±16.75 23.90±3.52
非AKI组 21 69.50±8.39 73.27±14.54 16.21±4.20
t/χ2 3.825 0.423 6.899
P 0.000 0.674 0.000
组别 高血压 糖尿病 休克
% % %
AKI组 19 70.37 19 70.37 17 62.96
非AKI组 13 61.90 8 38.10 5 23.81
t/χ2 0.381 5.000 7.294
P 0.537 0.025 0.007

表3 AKI组和非AKI组老年患者的基础资料

Tab.3 Basic data of AKI group and non-AKI group of elderly patients x¯±s

2.3 AKI组和非AKI组万古霉素血药浓度比较

万古霉素治疗5个半衰期后和7 d后,利用统计学方法对血药浓度值进行了正态转化,并进行了t检验,结果表明:5个半衰期后,AKI组平均谷浓度明显高于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结果见表4。

表4 AKI组和非AKI组万古霉素血药浓度比较
Tab.4 Comparison of serum concentrations of vancomycin between AKI group and non-AKI group mg·L-1
组别 5个半衰期后 治疗7 d后
例数 谷浓度 峰浓度 例数 谷浓度 峰浓度
AKI组 27 12.35 27.19 35 11.69 30.07
非AKI组 21 8.49 26.37 13 12.15 31.29
t 3.845 0.002 0.224 4.102
P <0.01 >0.05 >0.05 <0.05

表4 AKI组和非AKI组万古霉素血药浓度比较

Tab.4 Comparison of serum concentrations of vancomycin between AKI group and non-AKI group mg·L-1

3 讨论
3.1 万古霉素血药浓度监测的必要性

万古霉素被誉为“抗菌药物的最后一道防线”,其治疗指数小,不良反应大,进行血药浓度监测十分重要,尤其是肾功能减退的患者[7]。对于特殊人群,如儿童、老年、重症感染等患者需常规监测万古霉素稳态谷浓度,以调整剂量,进行个体化给药[8]

万古霉素是一种亲水性抗菌药物,容易受到患者体内液体环境容量的影响。研究表明[9],当危重症患者合并低蛋白血症、水肿、胸腔积液等,细胞外液容积改变会造成万古霉素稀释或丢失,导致其血药浓度过低。一项以败血症为主要疾病类型的临床研究表明[10],危重症患者的表观分布容积(Vd)可高达普通患者的2倍,推测是由于体内炎症状态或液体扩容治疗、低蛋白血症等导致水肿状态使Vd增大,因而低蛋白血症合并水肿可考虑增加万古霉素剂量。本文研究对象是入住ICU的老年患者,普遍存在营养不良和低蛋白血症。按照药品说明书老年人推荐剂量给予万古霉素1 g·d-1,血药浓度达稳态后,稳态谷浓度在治疗范围内仅占36.46%,低于治疗窗范围占43.75%,部分患者存在血药浓度偏低的情况,使用万古霉素治疗个体差异大。因此对于该类患者使用万古霉素治疗期间需常规行血药浓度监测。

3.2 万古霉素血药浓度和AKI的相关性

万古霉素主要不良反应为肾脏毒性,其发生机制可能与高浓度万古霉素诱导肾小管近曲端上皮细胞氧化应激,损伤肾小球并导致肾小管发生缺血坏死有关[11]。本研究结果显示,治疗5个半衰期后,有27例患者发生AKI。临床药师参照血药浓度结果调整万古霉素剂量,治疗7 d后,有35例患者发生AKI,且两组平均谷浓度比较差异无统计学意义。尽管调整万古霉素剂量使其血药谷浓度在治疗浓度范围内,在治疗后期,患者发生AKI的比例仍较早期升高。通过分析比较治疗5个半衰期后两组患者的基础资料发现:年龄、APACHEII评分、以及合并糖尿病、感染性休克等因素均可能是增加AKI发生率的危险因素。在临床实际工作中,很难界定到底是万古霉素剂量引起的AKI还是疾病本身,或者是二者相互叠加的作用。因此,在分析AKI发生的因素时,除了考虑万古霉素血药浓度外,还应结合患者的年龄、基础疾病、感染的严重程度等因素综合考虑。

3.3 万古霉素足剂量的疗效期待与药物的安全性

万古霉素在老年人中的剂量调整以期达到有效治疗浓度目标是临床上较为棘手的难题。较高水平的万古霉素谷浓度能带来更好的疗效,但对于严重感染、伴发多种基础疾病的老年患者,好的疗效和高浓度万古霉素可能诱发的药源性肾损伤(drug induced acute kidney injury,DIAKI)方面两者存在一定的矛盾性,需要在疗效和毒性之间做好权衡。

研究表明,万古霉素相关AKI通常可逆,在停药或换用其他抗菌药物后,肾功能指标能逐步转归或有好转趋势。2009年美国《万古霉素治疗指南》中提出:现有的数据不足以证实万古霉素特异性血清药物浓度与肾损伤有直接因果关系[12]。另外,由于严重感染继发脓毒性休克也会导致AKI,故笔者认为,在权衡利弊后,可酌情考虑尽早给予足剂量、强有力的抗菌药物控制感染,或许更有利于患者的预后及AKI的扭转。

危重症老年患者病理生理状态下要求准确建立和适当调整万古霉素给药方案。由于本研究病例数量较少,不足以建立明确的相关性分析与线性模型,但可从老年人危重症特殊病理生理状态下药动学变化、机体相关器官病理变化进行初步分析。相关研究[13]虽然已说明了影响危重症患者万古霉素血药浓度的因素,但是各单一因素对剂量调整的量化关系仍未确立,仅能作为危重症患者药动学变化的参考。针对特殊人群(如老年人、严重感染/感染性休克、低蛋白血症、器官功能障碍等),万古霉素的剂量调整仍需参照血药浓度结果,并结合患者病情。较高水平的万古霉素谷浓度能带来更好的疗效,但对于老年患者,需要在疗效和毒性之间做好权衡。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[5] YE Z K,LI X G,ZHAI S D.Therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycininchian:current status andevaluation[J].Chin J Clin Pharmacol,2013,29(7):545-548.
Objective To investigate the current condition of therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM) of vancomycinin China,analyze its problems and make some relevant suggestions.Methods Database including CNKI,VIP,CBM,CMCC,WanFang Data,Pubmed,Embase and The Cochran Library were searched from inception to March 10,2013 to collect the study on therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin in Chinese patients.Analyzing thenumber of therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin,the recommended trough serum concentration,determination methods of vancomycin,the time to obtained the first serum concentration,the loading dose,the method of adjust serum concentrations,the quality of these collected study.Results A total of 35 studies,2245 patients with 4915 blood concentrations monitoring results.The rates of taking 5 ~ 10 μg.mL-1 as their own hospitals’recommended trough serum concentration was 81.3%,the rates of the trough serum concentrations below 10 μg.mL-1 was 49.8%,the rates of the trough serum concentrations above 10 μg.mL-1 was 50.2%.After the American consensus review about TDM of vancomycin published,the rates of peak serum concentration monitoring decreased 10.3%,the rates of taking 10 ~ 20 μg.mL-1 as their recommended trough serum concentration increased 40.0%,the rates of the time to obtained first trough serum concentrations after two days decreased 35.6%,the rates of taking loading dose increased 10%.Conclusion About half of vancomycin serum concentrations not in target therapeutic concentrations.It’s necessary to develop vancomycin TDM guideline of China.
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[6] 黄珊,林玮玮,王长连,.基于决策树的万古霉素血药浓度解读及实践[J].中国药学杂志,2016,19(51):1710-1713.
目的建立基于决策树解读万古霉素血药浓度的模式,并将其应用于临床实践。方法临床药师依据万古霉素血药浓度监测结果和患者病程,应用决策树对血药浓度作解读。当需要调整剂量时,应用群体药动学模型的贝叶斯反馈程序估算患者个体化给药剂量,辅助临床个体化用药。结果决策树应用于临床万古霉素血药浓度的解读,能为临床制定万古霉素给药方案提供依据。结论基于决策树的万古霉素个体化血药浓度解读模式可协助医师个体化用药,提高万古霉素的临床疗效以及减少相关不良反应。
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[7] 刘素琴,沈国琴,朱洁,.146例万古霉素临床应用分析[J].医药导报,2016,35():123-124.
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[8] HE X R,LU W,ZOU D,et al.Advance on population phar-macokinetic models of vancomycin[J].Chin Pharm J,2013,48(2):2075-2080.
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[9] PEA F,VIALE P,FURLANUT M.Antimicrobial therapy in criticallyill patients:a review of pathophysiological conditions responsible for altered disposition and pharmacokinetic variability[J].Clin Pharmacokinet,2005,44(10):1009-1034.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.2165%2F00003088-200544100-00002
DOI:10.2165/00003088-200544100-00002      URL    
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[10] MARIA DEL MAR FERNANDEZ DE GATTA GARCIA M,REVILLA N,CALVO M V,et al.Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of vancomycin in ICU patients[J].Intensive Care Med,2007,33(2):279-285.
Aims To identify the variables affecting vancomycin pharmacokinetics in medical ICU patients and to evaluate the potential efficacy of dosage schedules by PK/PD analysis. Design A02retrospective pharmacokinetic analysis of serum levels obtained in routine vancomycin monitoring was performed. Setting A0212-bed general ICU of a02university teaching hospital. Patients Forty-six vancomycin-treated ICU patients fitting the following criteria: over 1862years old; more than three concentration data per patient; absence of renal replacement support, cardiac surgery and neoplastic disorders. Interventions Clinical information was collected from the patients' medical records. Details of vancomycin therapy, dosage and blood sampling times were obtained from pharmacokinetic reports. Population analysis were made by the standard two-stage approach. Measurements and main results Vancomycin clearance and distribution volume were estimated individually assuming a02one-compartment pharmacokinetic model. PK/PD analysis was performed by Monte Carlo simulation. In the ICU patients, higher Vd (nearly twice the quoted value of 0.7262l/kg) and different vancomycin clearance–creatinine clearance relationship were found. Renal function, the APACHE score, age and serum albumin accounted for more than 65% of drug clearance variability. Vancomycin standard dosages led to a0233% risk of not achieving the recommended AUC 24h /MIC breakpoint for Staphylococcus aureus . Conclusions The population kinetics and PK/PD analyses based on Monte Carlo simulation procedures offer an excellent tool for selecting the therapeutic option with the highest probability of clinical success in ICU patients.
DOI:10.1007/s00134-006-0470-5      PMID:17165021      URL    
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[11] HU J L,ZHANG J.Research up dates of vancomycin neph-rotoxicity[J].Chin J Infect Chemother,2013,13(5) :394-399.
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[12] RYBAK M J,LOMAESTRO B M,ROTSCHAFER J C,et al.Vancomycin therapeutic guidelines:a summary of consensus recommendations from the infectious diseases Society of America,the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists,and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists[J].Clin Infect Dis,2009,49(3):325-327.
Practice guidelines for therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin treatment for Staphylococcus aureus infection in adult patients were reviewed by an expert panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. A literature review of existing evidence regarding vancomycin dosing and monitoring of serum concentrations, in addition to patient outcomes combined with expert opinion regarding the drug's pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety record, resulted in new recommendations for targeting and adjustment of vancomycin therapy.
DOI:10.1086/600877      PMID:19569969      URL    
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[13] 姜慧婷,何娟,杨婉花.危重症患者万古霉素给药方案调整的研究进展[J].世界临床药物,2014,35(7):439-442.
万古霉素是目前临床耐甲氧西林金葡菌感染治疗的一线药物,准确建立和适时调整万古霉素给药方案是临床治疗的关键,针对危重症患者特殊的病理生理状态的个体化治疗尤为重要。本文综述影响危重症患者万古霉素药动学性质的各因素和方案调整。
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关键词(key words)
万古霉素
损伤
急性
血药浓度监测
血流感染

Vancomycin
Injury
kidney
acute
Blood drug concentration ...
Bloodstream infection

作者
李俊
黄华田
周甘平

LI Jun
HUANG Huatian
ZHOU Ganping