TUNKELALLAN R,HARTMANBARRY J,KAPLANSH-ELDON L,et al.Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis[J].,2004,39(9):1267-1284.
This article presents guidelines for the treatment of bacterial meningitis. The initial treatment approach to the patient with suspected acute bacterial meningitis depends on early recognition of the meningitis syndrome, rapid diagnostic evaluation, and emergent antimicrobial and adjunctive therapy. Complications associated with lumbar puncture are variable, ranging from mild alterations in comfort to life-threatening brain herniation, which may occur in the patient with elevated intracranial pressure. Several acute-phase reactants have been examined for their usefulness in the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis. However, none is diagnostic for bacterial meningitis, and they should not be used to determine whether an individual patient should receive antimicrobial therapy.
Introduced in the 1980s, carbapenem antibiotics have served as the last line of defense against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms. Over the last decade, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have emerged as a significant public health threat. This review summarizes the molecular genetics, natural history, and epidemiology of CRE and discusses approaches to prevention and treatment.
ZARAKOLUP,ESERO K,ALADAGE,et al.Epidemio-logy of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae colonization:a surveillance study at a Turkish university hospital from 2009 to 2013[J].,2016,85(4):466-470.
Between June 2009 and December 2013, 4105 patients were screened for carbapenem-resistantKlebsiella pneumoniae(CR-Kp) colonization in a tertiary care university hospital. The antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance determinants of 279 (6.8%) CR-Kp isolates from single patients were investigated. Additional analysis was performed to evaluate the characteristics and various risk factors for infection in patients with colonization. Of the 279 isolates, 270 harboured OXA-48-like enzymes, and a single isolate harboured IMP-type carbapenemase. A high proportion of isolates were susceptible to carbapenems except ertapenem. All isolates were susceptible to amikacin and most (94%) were susceptible to colistin and fosfomycin. There was consistent high-level resistance for all isolates to temocillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, amoxicillin-clavulanate and ticarcillin-clavulanate. When colonized and infected patients were compared, only prior carbapenem administration (P= 0.003), was found to be significantly associated with patients with CR-Kp infection.
PONTIKISK,KARAISKOSI,BASTANIS,et al.Outcomes of critically ill intensive care unit patients treated with fosfomycin for infections due to pandrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria[J].,2014,43(1):52-59.
Fosfomycin is active in vitro against extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing strains; however, the in vivo effectiveness against such pathogens is almost unknown. A multicentre, observational, prospective case-series study was performed in 11 ICUs. All consecutive fosfomycin-treated patients suffering from XDR or PDR fosfomycin-susceptible, microbiologically documented infections were recorded. Clinical and microbiological outcomes were assessed. A safety analysis was performed. In total, 68 patients received fosfomycin during the study period, 48 of whom were considered suitable for effectiveness analysis based on predefined criteria. Bacteraemia and ventilator-associated pneumonia were the main infections. Carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa were isolated in 41 and 17 cases, respectively. All isolates exhibited an XDR or PDR profile, being fosfomycin-susceptible by definition. Fosfomycin was administered intravenously at a median dose of 24g/day for a median of 14 days, mainly in combination with colistin or tigecycline. Clinical outcome at Day 14 was successful in 54.2% of patients, whilst failure, indeterminate outcome and superinfection were documented in 33.3%, 6.3% and 6.3%, respectively. All-cause mortality at Day 28 was 37.5%. Bacterial eradication was observed in 56.3% of cases. Fosfomycin resistance developed in three cases. The main adverse event was reversible hypokalaemia. In conclusion, fosfomycin could have a place in the armamentarium against XDR and PDR Gram-negative infections in the critically ill. Resistance development during therapy, which has been a matter of concern in previous studies, did not occur frequently. The necessity of combination with other antibiotics requires further investigation.
JASPANH B,BROTHERSA W,CAMPBELLA J,et al.Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium meningitis in a toddler:characterization of the organism and successful treatment with intraventricular daptomycin and intravenous tigecycline[J].,2010,29(4):379-381.
A case of enterococcal meningitis in a toddler is presented. The organism was highly resistant to all drugs previously used for pediatric Gram-positive meningitis. She was successfully treated with intraventricular and intravenous daptomycin and intravenous tigecycline. The organism was characterized as a member of CC17, a notorious emerging nosocomial clone of Enterococcus faecium.
TUTUNCUE E,KUSCUF,GURBUZY,et al.Tigecycline use in two cases with multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii meningitis[J].,2010,14(Suppl 3):e224-e226.
The treatment of post-surgical meningitis due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii is a therapeutic dilemma. The cases of two patients with MDR A. baumannii meningitis secondary to surgical site infections, successfully treated with combination regimens including tigecycline, are presented.
LENGERKEC,HAAPM,MAYERF,et al.Low tigecycline concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of a neutropenic patient with inflamed meninges[J].,2011,55(1):449-450.
ABSTRACT Nosocomial infections with multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens are a life- threatening complication especially in patients with prolonged neutropenia after intensive chemotherapeutic regimens....
TAKV,MATHURP,VARGHESEP,et al.Elizabethkingia meningoseptica:an emerging pathogen causing meningitis in a hospitalized adult trauma patient[J].,2013,31(3):293-295.
Abstract A 23-year-old male patient who was a follow-up case of neurosurgery presented to our emergency department with a history of high-grade fever and clinical features of meningitis for 1 week. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was sent to our laboratory for culture. The culture demonstrated growth of 1-2 mm in diameter light yellow coloured colonies of Gram-negative bacilli on chocolate and blood agar. There was no growth on MacConkey agar. The bacterium was multidrug resistant. Based upon the growth characteristics, bio-chemical reactions, drug susceptibility pattern and identification by Vitek 2 system the isolate was identified as Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. Patient was treated with injection piperacillin-tazobactam, injection vancomycin and cotrimoxazole tablets for 21 days along with intrathecal injection of tigecycline and finally, patient improved clinically and the CSF cultures became sterile. The presence in hospital environment along with multidrug resistance makes E. meningoseptica a successful emerging nosocomial pathogen.
Outcomes of critically ill intensive care unit patients treated with fosfomycin for infections due to pandrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium meningitis in a toddler:characterization of the organism and successful treatment with intraventricular daptomycin and intravenous tigecycline