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  • 01 October 2015 Volume 34 Issue 10
      
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  • Applications of Nanomedicine in Breast Cancer Therapy
    MEI Chenghan,XU Rong
    2015, 34(10): 1267-1271. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.001
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    Objective Nanomedicine is a branch of nanotechnology; it applies scientific principles and established methods of nanotechnology in healthcare.Small sized nanoparticles exhibit unique material properties.Nanoparticle therapeutic agents can be delivered with minimal invasiveness in vivo,and react more specifically to target tissues.Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women.Its incidence increases every year globally.Conventional therapeutic methods for breast cancer are effective,but have many limitations.In recent years the rapid development of nanotechnology medicine provides new solutions for those problems.There are many types of nanoengineered drug delivery systems (nDDS),each with distinguishing properties,including organic and inorganic materials,for example liposomes,polymers,antibodies,metals,magnets,carbons and ceramics.Nanomedicine may have passive and active targeting strategies.Both can enhance the accumulation of the drug in tumor sites.Specific nanoparticles can also kill or damage tumor cells.As its research advances fast,a wide application of nanomedicine in treating breast cancer is getting adopted.Many agents and formulations of nanomedicine are approved for clinical trials or approved for prescription.
  • Effects of Xifeng Tongnao Capsules on Expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in Brain Tissue of Rats with Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
    ZENG Congyan, HU Ying, GAO Yuqiao, MEI Quanxi, LIN Hui, DAI Weibo, ZHANG Wenxia
    2015, 34(10): 1272-1275. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.002
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    Objective To observe the effects of Xifeng Tongnao capsules on the content of TNF-α and IL-1β in brain tissue of rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods A total of 120 adult SD rats were randomized into 6 groups: Xifeng Tongnao low-, middle- and high-dose groups, model control group, Buchang Naoxintong group and sham-operated group.Buchang Naoxintong group were treated with Buchang Naoxintong capsules at 0.864 g·kg－1.Xifeng Tongnao high-, middle- and low-dose groups were treated with 3.456, 1.728, and 0.864 g·kg－1 Xifeng Tongnao capsules, respectively;sham-operated group and model control group were treated with equal volume of purified water.Medications were administered intragastrically once daily for 7 days.The acute transient focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) 1 h after the final dose, and rats in the sham-operated group only received anesthesia and stripping without occlusion.All rats were sacrificed after reperfusion for 24 h, and expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the brain tissue were detected by ELISA. Results TNF-α content in Xifeng Tongnao capsutes low-, middle- and high-dose groups were (35.34±8.95), (33.75±6.92), and (40.95±5.39) ng·L－1, respectively.IL-1β content were (1.44±0.47), (1.45±0.23), and (1.61±0.33) ng·L－1 in low-, middle- and high-dose groups, respectively.TNF-α and IL-1β were (38.96±9.84) and (1.56±0.31) ng·L－1, respectively in Buchang Naoxintong group, (52.74±6.76) and (2.79±0.45) ng·L－1in the model control group, and (32.54±4.00) and (1.32±0.22) ng·L－1 in sham-operated group.TNF-α and IL-1β content were significantly higher in Buchang Naoxintong group than in sham-operated group (P＜0.05).TNF-α and IL-1β content were significantly decreased in Xifeng Tongnao high-, middle- and low-dose groups (all P＜0.05). Conclusion Xifeng Tongnao capsules can protect brain tissue by supressing TNF-α and IL-1β and alleviating inflammatory injury from ischemia.
  • Comparison of Effect on Antioxidative Stress Between Benezepril and Tranilast in Diabetic Nephropathy Rat
    WANG Xiaohui,ZHANG Xin,HE Yong,PENG Qingping,YANG Guosheng,LI Mingmei,LIU Duan,MU Changjun
    2015, 34(10): 1276-1279. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.003
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    Objective To investigate ACEI(benazepril)and tranilast exert renoprotective properties in diabetic nephropathy(DN)through the inhibition of thioredoxin(Trx). Methods Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group,model control group,tranilast group and benazepril group (n＝10 each).Normal control group was fed with normal diet.Other groups were fed with high-glucose high-fat diet to make DN models.Rats in model control,tranilast,and benazepril groups were fed with normal diet,400 mg·kg－1·d－1 tranilast plus normal diet,and 10 mg·kg－1·d－1 benazepril plus normal diet,respectively,via oral gavage for 12 weeks.The 24-hour proteinuria,blood glucose(BG),blood urea nitrogen (BUN),serum creatinine (Scr) and renal pathology changes were detected.Expression of Trx was measured by Western-blot. Results The 24 h urine protein,BG,BUN,Scr,kidney/body weight,and glomerular sclerosis index were significantly decreased in tranilast group and benazepril group,as compaired with model control group (P＜0.05),but there was no statistical difference between the two drug groups (P＞0.05).Both tranilast and benazepril can reduce renal pathological changes,and can increase the expression of Trx of DN rats,but benazepril had a more significant effect on increasing Trx expression. Conclusion Both tranilast and benazepril have renoprotective function in DN,and benazepril is more effective than tranilast in delaying the progression of diabetic nephropathy by increasing Trx expression and decreasomg oxidative stress.
  • Effect of Minocycline on Hippocampal Neuroapoptosis and Cognitive Dysfunction in Aged Rats
    LIU Jiuhong, HAN Qiang, CHI Xiaohui, ZHANG Tao, ZHOU Biyun
    2015, 34(10): 1280-1283. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.004
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    Objective To investigate the effect of minocycline on isoflurane-induced hippocampal neuroapoptosis and cognitive dysfunction in aged rats. Methods Forty-five male SD rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups (n＝15): blank control group (group C), 1.5% isoflurane group (group I) and 50 mg·kg－1 minocycline＋1.5% isoflurane group (group M＋I).Minocycline was injected intraperitoneally 12 h before the start of anesthesia for group M＋I.Group I and group M＋I were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane for 4 h, while group C were exposed to 30% O2-70% N2.At the end of anesthesia, five rats in each group were randomized to analyse arterial blood gas.The other rats in each group were sent back to their home cage until they were fully awake.Fourteen days after anesthesia, Morris water maze was used to assess the cognitive function, and then hippocampi of rats were dissected for detection of the expression of cleaved caspase3, Bax and Bcl-2. Results No difference was found in arterial gas analysis among the 3 groups (P＞0.05).Compared with group C, the rats in the group I spent more time locating the platform on the third and fourth training days and the time percentage that the rats in group I spent in the target quadrant was much less (P＜0.05).However, these changes were reversed in group M＋I (P＜0.05).The isoflurane-induced increased level of Bax and cleaved caspase3 and decline of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 were restored by minocycline pretreatment (P＜0.05). Conclusion Minocycline could attenuate cognitive dysfunction induced by isofluranein aged rats.The mechanism is associated with inhibition of hippocampal neuroapoptosis which is increased by isoflurane.
  • Effect of Humulus Scandens Particles on Chronic Bronchitis Models of Mice
    LI Dong
    2015, 34(10): 1284-1287. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.005
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    Objective To study the effects and the therapeutic mechanism of Humulus scandens particles (HSP) on the mice with chronic bronchitis(CB). Methods Mice were divided into normal control group, dextromethorphan group or ammonium chloride group, the high-, middle- and low-dose of HSP groups (These three groups received gavage administration of HSP at 3.00 g·kg－1, 1.50 g·kg－1 and 0.75 g·kg－1,respectively) randomly.The effects of HSP on ammonia-induced cough and trachea phenol red excretion in mice were observed.CB mouse model was established by inhaling smoke and formaldehyde.In total, 60 mice were divided into 6 groups by the method of random digits table: normal control group, model control group, Guilong kechuanning capsule group, the high-, middle- and low-dose HSP groups (n＝10 each group).After modeling for 18 days, mice in normal control group and model control group were administered intragastrically with 0.9% sodium chloride solution.Mice in the high-, middle- and low-dose HSP groups were daily treated with HSP at 3.00, 1.50 and 0.75 g·kg－1,respectively, by intragastric administration.Mice in Guilong kechuanning Capsule group were administered with Guilong kechuanning Capsule (600 mg·kg－1), once a day, for 15 days.The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) & interleukin-8 (IL-8) contents in lung tissues of each group were determined. Results By hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, it was found that HSP alleviated the damage of CB in mice.The frequency of cough in 2 min in the normal control group, the high-, middle- and low-dose HSP groups were (17.50±5.38), (11.90±4.46), (12.60±3.47), (9.50±3.24), respectively, and the ecretion of phenol red were (0.52±0.11), (0.65±0.15), (0.64±0.14), (0.67±0.19) μg·mL－1, respectively.The content of TNF-α in lung tissues of the normal control group, model control group,the high dose HSP group was (25.8±6.9), (66.3±11.7), (43.5±7.7) ng·mg－1, respectively.The content of IL-8 in lung tissues of the normal control group, model control group, the high-dose HSP group were (27.1±9.1), (48.2±11.4) and (36.5±8.2) ng·mg－1, respectively.The contents of TNF-α and IL-8 in lung tissues of the model control group were significantly higher than those in normal control group (both P＜0.01).Compared with the model control group, high-dose HSP could obviously decrease the contents of TNF-α and IL-8 in lung tissues (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05). Conclusion HSP can obviously alleviate the pathomorphological changes in mice with CB and has antitussive and expectorant effecs.The therapeutic mechanism of HSP for CB may be related to decreasing the contents of TNF-α and IL-8 in lung tissue.
  • Study on Bioequivalence of Cefdinir Capsules in Chinese Healthy Volunteers
    CHEN Fen, ZHU Chaoran, ZHAI Xuejia, FENG Xia, DENG Guiping, GUO Qing, JIANG Lifen, LYU Yongning
    2015, 34(10): 1288-1291. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.006
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    Objective　To evaluate postprandial pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two preparations of cefdinir capsules in Chinese healthy volunteers.　Methods　In a two-way cross-over study, 24 healthy male volunteers were divided into two groups randomly and a single dose of cefdinir capsules of test and reference preparation were administered orally, respectively.The concentration in plasma was determined by LC-MS/MS.Pharmacokinetic parameters and bioequivalence were calculated and evaluated by DAS.　Results　The main pharmacokinetic parameters of test and reference were as follows: AUCt(4.35±1.09) μg·h·mL-1 and (4.12±1.22) μg·h·mL-1, AU[C0-∞] (4.53±1.12) and (4.53±1.73) μg·h·mL-1, t1/2 (1.74±0.29) h and (2.13±1.65) h, tmax (4.44±0.86) h and (4.54 ± 1.16) h, Cmax (900±250) ng·mL-1 and (876±269) ng·mL-1.　Conclusion　The test and reference preparation of cefdinir capsules are bioequivalent.
  • Therapeutic Effect of Ursolic Acid on Chronic Nonbacterial Prostatitis in Rats
    LIU Yanfei, HAN Pan, LAI Yongji
    2015, 34(10): 1292-1295. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.007
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    Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of ursolic acid on carrageenan-induced chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (CNP) of SD rats. Methods Forty-two SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control group, model control group, Pushitai group, ursolic acid high-dose group, and low-dose group.Except for normal control group, chronic nonbacterial prostatitis model was established using carrageenan.The rats of Pushitai group were treated with the solution of Pushitai at the dose of 148 mg·kg－1·d－1 for twenty days.The rats of ursolic acid high-dose and low-dose groups were administered with ursolic acid at the doses of 100 and 50 mg·kg－1·d－1 for twenty days, respectively.The rats of normal and model control groups were treated with isometric 5% CMC-Na for twenty days.The prostate index (PI) was calculated from the ratio of isolated rat prostate weight and body weight of rat.The expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 were detected by ELISA.The histology and morphology of the prostate was observed with the aid of hematoxylin-eosin staining. Results Compared with the model control group, PI and the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 in serum were significantly decreased in ursolic acid high-dose,and low dose groups (P＜0.05).Moreover, the pathological changes of prostate were improved significantly. Conclusion Ursolic acid has certain therapy effects on chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, which may be related to its regulating the expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10.
  • ERCC1 and Ki67 Expression in Patients with Breast Cancer and Relationship Between Its Expression and Sensitivity of Platinum Chemotherapy
    WEI Xin, YANG Julun
    2015, 34(10): 1314-1317. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.014
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    Objective To investigate the expressions of excision repair cross complementation group 1 (ERCC1) and Ki67 in patients with breast cancer, and the relationships between their expressions and sensitivity of platinum-based chemotherapy. Methods Totally, 129 cases were pathologically diagnosed as breast cancer.Paclitaxel and carboplatin were used simultaneously.Chemotherapy regimen was as follows: Gemcitabine 1 000 mg·(m2)－1, IV drop on day 1 and 8;cisplatin 25 mg·(m2)－1, IV drop on day 1-3, for six cycles (21 days a cycle).ERCC1 and Ki67 expression in tumor tissue was observed by immunohistochemical analysis.Platinum-based chemotherapy sensitivity and survival of patients with different levels of ERCC1 and Ki67 expression were analyzed. Results In 129 patients, 18 cases were ERCC1 and Ki67 double-negative (ERCC1－Ki67－), and the clinical effective rate and 3-year cumulative survival rate were 88.89% and 83.33%, respectively.Twenty-four cases were ERCC1 positive but Ki67 negative (ERCC1＋Ki67－), and the clinical effective rate and 3-year cumulative survival rate were 50.00% and 62.50%, respectively.Thirty-three cases were ERCC1 negative but Ki67 positive (ERCC1－Ki67＋), and the clinical effective rate and 3-year cumulative survival rate were 54.55% and 60.60%, respectively.Fifty-four patients were ERCC1 and Ki67 double-positive (ERCC1＋Ki67＋), and the clinical effective rate and 3-year cumulative survival rate were 22.78% and 31.48%, respectively.Compared with ERCC1－Ki67－ group, the clinical treatment efficiencies of cisplatin-based chemotherapy in ERCC1＋Ki67－ group, ERCC1－Ki67＋ group, and ERCC1＋Ki67＋ group were significantly decreased (P＜0.05).The clinical treatment efficiency in patients of ERCC1＋Ki67＋ group with cisplatin-based chemotherapy was significantly decreased as compared with ERCC1＋Ki67－ group and ERCC1－Ki67＋ group (P＜0.05).Compared with ERCC1－ Ki67－ group, three-year cumulative survival rate in patients of ERCC1＋ Ki67－ group and ERCC1－ Ki67＋ group, ERCC1＋Ki67＋ group was significantly decreased (P＜0.05).Compared with ERCC1＋ Ki67－ group and ERCC1－ Ki67＋ group, three-year cumulative survival rate in patients of the ERCC1＋Ki67＋ group was significantly decreased (P＜0.05). Conclusion The expression levels of ERCC1 and Ki67 in breast cancer were high.Their expression levels are closely related with clinical efficiency of platinum-based chemotherapy.
  • Efficacy of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride controlled-release tablets on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children
    CHEN Min, HUA Li, LIU Lin, XU Lu, HAO Yan, HOU Ling
    2015, 34(10): 1318-1321. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.015
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    Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of methylphenidate hydrochloride controlled-release tablets (OROS-MPH) on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Seventy-two cases of children with ADHD were randomly divided into treatment group (40) and control group (32). Cases of treatment group were given 0.8－1.0 mg·kg－1 of OROS-MPH for three months. Cases of control group were given 1.2－1.4 mg·kg－1 of atomoxetine hydrochloride for three months. After 12 weeks treatment, children were evaluated by Wechsler intelligence test, Integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test (IVA-CPT), the SNAP-Ⅳ effect assessment scale and TESS scale. Results The treatment efficiency was similar in both groups. Attention deficit and hyperactivity in both groups were improved obviously. Wechsler intelligence score was significantly elevated (P＜0.05), SNAP-Ⅳ score was significantly decreased (P＜0.05), and IVA-CPT score was increased significantly after treatment (P＜0.05). The changes of scores on hyperactivity, auditory attention and visual attention were more in OROS-MPH group than those in atomoxetine group(P＜0.05). There was loss of appetite in 10 children of OROS-MPH group and in 14 children of atomoxetine group. There was drowsiness in 1 child of OROS-MPH group and in 5 children of atomoxetine group, as well as difficulty to fall asleep in 6 children of OROS-MPH group and 1 child of atomoxetine group (P＜0.05). One child developed a transient spasm after 4-month treatment. Conclusion Both of OROS-MPH and atomoxetine hydrochloride can improve learning ability and the symptom of attention deficit and hyperactivity, and they are similarly effective and safe in children with ADHD, but OROS-MPH can work faster.
  • Determination the Equilibrium Solubility and Apparent Oil/Water Partition Coefficient of Phloridzin by RP-HPLC
    QI Zhihua, GUO Shuyun,TANG Xiuling, LI Xiaoye, WANG Qingwei
    2015, 34(10): 1329-1331. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.018
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    Objective To establish a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatograph (RP-HPLC ) method for determination of equilibrium solubility and oil/water partition coeficient of phloridzin in different solvents. Methods A RP-HPLC method was established to detect the concentration of phloridzin in water and different organic solvents.The partition coefficients in the n-octanol-water/buffer solution systems of phloridzin were determined by shaking flask method.The Inertsil ODS-3 (4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 μm) column was used and the detection wavelength was 284 nm.The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min－1, and acetonitrile- 0.05% phosphoric acid(30:70)was used as mobile phase. Results The equilibrium solubility of phloridzin was 2.07 mg·mL－1 in water and 838.63 mg·mL－1 in methanol at 25 ℃.A good linear relationship of phloridzin was obtained within the range of 0.054 9－1.098 0 μg.The regression equation was Y＝2 152.9X＋7.26 (r＝0.999 9).The solubility values of phloridzin were higher in ethanol and propylene glycol than in other solvents. Conclusion RP-HPLC method is simple, quick and accurate for the determination of phloridzin.Phloridzin was almost insoluble in petroleum ether and poorly soluble in water.The equilibrium solubility is higher in methanol than in other solvents.The apparent distribution coefficient of phloridzin varies significantly with pH under the alkaline conditions but less in the acidic solution.
  • Spray Drying Process of Anshen Bumian Granules
    HAN Fei, ZENG Honghu, ZHANG Jie, XU Hanlin, YANG Ming , LUO Xiaojian
    2015, 34(10): 1332-1335. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.019
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    bjective To optimize spray drying process of Anshen bumian granules. Methods By using orthogonal design method, moisture content, powder rate and berberine hydrochloride content were indexes, and optimum technological conditions were determined. Results Proportion of microcrystalline cellulose, lactose and maltodextrin was 2:1:2.The extract was fed in at 6%.Optimum feeding in/out temperature for spray drying is 145 ℃ /85 ℃, liquid velocity was 30 mL·min－1, and relative density of extract was 1.15. Conclusion The process is reasonable and practical, has strong stability and good controllability, and it provides a basis for industrialized production.
  • Determination of Polysaccharide from Leaves of Sorbus tianschanica Rupr.and Its Bacteriostatic Action
    LI Le, CHI Fengli, TANG Hui
    2015, 34(10): 1336-1338. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.020
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    Objective To establish a method for determination of polysaccharide from the leaves of Sorbus tianschanica Rupr.and its bacteriostatic action. Methods Phenol-sulfuric acid method was used for extraction and determination of polysaccharides in Sorbus tianschanica Rupr.Its antibacterial action was studied by control experiment. Results Average content of polysaccharides in Sorbus tianschanica Rupr was 2.56%.The polysaccharides exerted bacteriostatic effect, especially on Bacillus subtilis. Conclusion The method is simple and accurate, and can provide theoretical basis and reference for relative research of Sorbus tianschanica Rupr.
  • Preparation of Micronized Shuanghuangpo Hydrogel Patch and Its Transdermal Penetration In Vitro
    HE Jinfeng, HU Xidan, ZHANG Wenjing, WAN Sihui, WANG Zhuo
    2015, 34(10): 1339-1342. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.021
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    Objective To study preparation of micronized Shuanghuangpo hydrogel patch and its characteristics of transdermal penetration in vitro. Methods Micronized Shuanghuangpo hydrogel patch was prepared with some macromolecular water-soluble materials as gel base.The content of berberine was determined by HPLC method.Its transdermal penetration in vitro was determined according to the method of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 edition.The rat skin penetration test in vitro was performed by modified Franz diffusion cell method. Results The hydrogel patch had constant content of berberine.Its release property in vitro conformed to Higuchi equation.The penetration of berberine in the hydrogel patch through the rat skin followed zero-order dynamics in 12 h.Its release rate was 7.934 μg·(cm2)－1·h1/2 and percutaneous rate was 0.571 μg·(cm2)－1·h－1. Conclusion The micronized Shuanghuangpo hydrogel patch is a new transdermal agent with sustained release property.
  • Formulation Optimization of Propranolol Hydrochloride Gels by Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology
    YANG Liu, WANG Aiwu, XU Guangqi, HUO Ran
    2015, 34(10): 1343-1346. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.022
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    Objective To optimize the matrix formula of propranolol hydrochloride gels. Methods On the basis of single factor experiment, central composite design-response surface method was used to optimize the formula.Addition levels of glycerol (A), PEG-400 (B) and HPMC (C) were evaluated as the independent variables.Eight-hour accumulative penetration amount per unit area measured by HPLC was used as the index.Quadratic polynomial was used to estimate the relationship between the index and the independent variables, and to delineate response surface and overlay contour plots in order to select the optimal formulations.Finally, predicted responses were verified. Results The optimized formula consisted of 18.53% glycerol, 8.54% PEG-400 and 2.35% HPMC.The quadratic polynomial regression model of 8-h accumulative penetration amount per unit area: R1＝－7 415.69＋306.10A＋167.47B＋4 820.59C－8.26A2－9.81B2－1 025.75C2, and the cumulative transmittance was 49.6%. Conclusion A credible model is established by using central composite design-response surface method and the formula of propranolol hydrochloride gels is optimized and the gel is stable and controllable.
  • Optimized Extraction of Total Saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum
    LI Xifeng, AN Shuo, ZHANG Weixiao, WANG Youxu, JIA Yongyan
    2015, 34(10): 1347-1352. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.023
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    Objective To optimize the process of extracting total saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum by orthogonal experimental design and central composite design-response surface method. Methods Independent variables were concentration of ethanol, reflux extraction time, reflux time and solvent fold.Dependent variables were extraction rate of total saponins in Platycodon grandiflorum and the yield of dry extract.Linear or nonlinear mathematic models were used to estimate the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Results The result of the orthogonal experimental design was 70% ethanol, 180 min for reflux, 6 fold of solvent and 2 times for extraction.The result of central composite design-response surface method was 70% ethanol, 140 min for reflux, 10 fold of solvent and 2 times for extraction. Conclusion The central composite design-response surface method is better than orthogonal experimental design in studying extraction process of Platycodon grandiflorum, which provides basis for feasibility of application of central composite design-response surface method in optimization of extraction process of Chinese traditional medicine.
  • Optimized Extraction of Curcuminoids from Curcuma Longa L.by Orthogonal Designed Method and Its Antioxidant Activity
    ZHOU Mei, CHEN Huaguo, ZHOU Xin, GONG Xiaojian
    2015, 34(10): 1352-1355. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.024
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    Objective To investigate the optimal extraction technique and antioxidant activity of curcuminoids from Curcuma longa L. Methods The optimized extraction process of curcuminoids from Curcuma longa L.with ethanol as extracting solvent were studied based on orthogonal test.The effect of each factor such as the ethanol concentration, the amount of solvent, extraction temperature and extraction time were investigated based on a single-factor experiment.The effects of extraction yield of curcuminoids under different processing conditions were compared by HPLC method.Content of curcuminoids and antioxidant activity of the extract were used as comprehensive survey index. Free radical scavenging DPPH method was used to assess the antioxidant effect.And the extraction technique parameters were optimized. Results The condition of optimal extraction technique was: ethanol concentration 60%, amount of solvent 20 folds, extraction time 2 h, extraction temperature 90 ℃. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of curcuminoids was 3.65%.DPPH free radical scavenging yield of the curcumin extract was 79.79%. Conclusion This optimized technology is simple and have a good reappearing rate, and the extracts of Curcuma longa L.show good antioxidant activity.
  • Analysis of Four Effective Components in Jinhoujian Spray by Quantitative Analysis of Multi-components by Single Marker
    WANG Liou , YANG Juanyan, MAO Xiangjun, YANG Weiwei, LUO Yi
    2015, 34(10): 1356-1359. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.025
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    Objective To establish a methodological study pattern of quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS), and examine its feasibility and technical applicability in the quality control of compound preparation of traditional Chinese medicine-Jinhoujian spray. Methods Gas chromatographic method (GC) was used and naphthalene served as the internal standard.Menthol was used as the reference substance.The relative correlation factors (RCF) of 1,8-Cineole, camphor and borneol to menthol were calculated and established to carry out QAMS.The accuracy of this method was confirmed by comparison of internal standard method. Results The reproducibility of relative correction factor was perfect.The two methods did not show significant difference in 10 bathes of samples. Conclusion The QAMS method is feasible, credible, and can be used to determine active ingredients in Jinhoujian spray.
  • Determination of Kaempferol and Quercetin in Botrychium ternatum by HPLC
    HE Kequn
    2015, 34(10): 1360-1362. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.026
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    Objective To establish a method for simultaneous determination of kaempferol and quercetin in Botrychium ternatum (a kind of Ethnic Chinese herbal medicine) by HPLC and HPLC-MS/MS. Methods Agilent 1200 HPLC, API3200 QTRAP MS/MS, Ecilipse XDB-C18 column (15 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) and the mobile phase consisting of methanol-0.1%formic-water (85:15) were applied to identify kaempferol and quercetin in Botrychium ternatum;Agilent 1260 HPLC and Eclipse plus C18 (100 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) column were used for determination of the two.The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol and 0.4% phosphoric acid solution (45:55) with a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min－1 and the detection wavelength was 360 nm. Results In mass spectrogram of Botrychium ternatum, characteristic peaks of m/z 287.1[M＋H]＋ and m/z 301.0[M＋H]＋ were consistent with those of standard sample of kaempferol and quercetin, which confirmed their existence in Botrychium ternatum.The two flavonoids both had a good linearity in the range of 2.500–25.00 μg·mL－1(r ＝ 0.999 9 and 0.999 8, respectively).RSD of precision and reproducibility of kaempferol and quercetin were 0.98%,1.89% and 0.79%,2.70%, respectively. Conclusion The method is simple, accurate with high sensitivity and suitable for the determination of kaempferol and quercetin in Botrychium ternatum.
  • Determination of Indigo and Indirubin in Baphicacanthus cusia from Different Producing Areas and Medicinal Parts by RP-HPLC
    CHENG Peipei, XIA Ye, FANG Yu, DA Guozheng, HUANG Jing, ZHANG Xiuqiao
    2015, 34(10): 1363-1366. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.027
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    Objective To establish a RP-HPLC method for determining indigo and indirubin in Baphicacanthus cusia from different producing areas and medicinal parts. Methods The separation was achieved by an Agilent TC-C18 Column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) at 25 ℃ using methanol-water (75:25) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL·min－1.The detection wavelength was 290 nm. Results Indigo had a good linear relationship with peak area at range of 0.051 3－0.820 8 μg (r＝0.999 3).The recovery rate was 99.00% and RSD was 1.30% (n＝6).Indirubin had a good linear relationship with peak area at range of 0.049 5－0.792 0 μg (r＝0.999 9).The recovery rate was 98.88% and RSD was 1.51% (n＝6). Conclusion The contents of the two components are obviously different in Baphicacanthus cusia because of different places or medicinal parts.The proposed method is simple, rapid and reliable.This method for determination of indigo and indirubin in Baphicacanthus cusia by RP-HPLC provides a basis for quality control of Baphicacanthus cusia.
  • Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction for Polysaccharide from Rosa Laevigatae Michx in Guizhou by Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology
    YAN Jianxin ,WANG Xiaoli
    2015, 34(10): 1367-1369. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.028
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    Objective To select the optimum ultrasonic extracting method of polysaccharides from Rosa Laevigatae Michx in Guizhou. Methods Independent variables were solid-liquid ratio, extraction time and extraction temperature, dependent variable was extraction rate ratio of polysaccharides from Rosa Laevigatae Michx.Linear or nonlinear mathematic models were used to estimate the relationship between independent and dependent variables.Response surface methodology was used to optimize the process of extraction.Prediction was carried out through comparing the observed and predicted value. Results The optimum extraction condition for the polysaccharides was as follows: extracting at 75 ℃ for 60 min and ratio of liquid to solid 30:1 ( mL:g).The average extraction yield of polysaccharides was 37.54% under the optimum extraction condition. Conclusion This optimized extraction process is simple and reliable for the extraction of polysaccharides from Rosa Laevigatae Michx in Guizhou.
  • Genetic Polymorphism Analysis of Drug-metabolizing Enzyme CYP2C19*2 in Tumor Patients of Han Poputation from Hubei Province
    SONG Haibin,WANG Xushi,CHEN Si,ZHANG Wei,CHEN Yuan,CHU Qian
    2015, 34(10): 1373-1375. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.030
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    Objective To investigate the distribution frequency of allele genetic polymorphism of drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP2C19*2 (rs4244285) in tumor patients of Han population from Hubei province,to provide guidance for clinical rational drug use related to the genetic polymorphism. Methods CYP2C19*2 genotyping was performed by Fluorescence Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing System in 285 cancer patients.Genotype frequency and allele frequency were calculated and the genotype distribution in different genders was compared.Compared with the previous studies,we clarified the frequencies of CYP2C19*2 gene polymorphisms in different nationalities. Results All the 285 patients in this study were Han population.The genotype frequency of CYP2C19*2 was 113 (39.6%),138 (48.4%) and 34 (11.9%) for wild-type homozygote (GG),heterozygote (GA) and variant homozygote (AA),respectively.The CYP2C19*2 mutant allele frequency was 36.1%.Genotype distribution of male and female patients did not reach significant difference. Conclusion There is no difference in CYP2C19*2 genotypes distribution among different ethnic groups.
  • Comment on Prescription of Narcotic Analgesics in Patients with Cancer Pain
    ZHANG Qiao, DING Yufeng, GONG Xuepeng, LI Juan, WANG Chen, WANG Zhen, GUI Lin, LI Qiongge, DU Guang, LIAO Jiazhi
    2015, 34(10): 1376-1379. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.031
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    Objective To investigate current status of narcotic analgesic use in patients with cancer pain in our hospital, in order to promote the rationalization of prescribing narcotic drugs and the rational use of analgesics. Methods A total of 400 narcotic prescriptions (100 of outpatients and 300 of inpatients) in Tongji hospital were randomly selected from March to May in 2014.Basic index and consumption of anesthetic drugs, money consumption distribution on different tumor types, and unreasonable prescription were analyzed. Results The overall prevalence of irrational prescriptions was 11.00%, with 13.00% from inpatient and 10.33% from outpatient, respectively.Reasons for irrational prescriptions mainly included vague instructions on dosage and administration, incomplete clinical diagnosis, lack of pharmacist check and inappropriate dosage.In the basic indexes, proportions of reasonable prescription and drugs within the national formulary were higher in the inpatient than in the outpatient service.The average money consumption of outpatient prescription was significantly higher than that of inpatient prescription.Most types of diagnosis were lung cancer in outpatient and inpatient departments, and total cost of lung cancer drugs was the highest.Morphine hydrochloride of outpatient had the highest average consumption, followed by codeine phosphate of the outpatient and the inpatient, and oxycodone hydrochloride controlled-release tablets cost more in inpatient. Conclusion The narcotic analgesic used in our hospital is basically rational.Most doctors prescribe according to the guidelines, but standardized training of prescription for cancer patients with pain medication needs to be strengthened, and supervision of narcotic analgesic medication should be enhanced.
  • Pharmaceutical Care in the Management of Nausea and Vomiting Induced by Adjuvant Chemotherapy for a Postoperative Patient with Gastric Cancer
    LIU Yu,QIU Feng,LI Xinyu
    2015, 34(10): 1384-1386. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2015.10.033
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    Objective To provide reference for clinical pharmacist participating in management of nausea and vomiting induced by tumor chemotherapy. Methods The process of pharmaceutical care for a patient with severe vomiting caused by adjuvant chemotherapy after gastric cancer operation was described.Antiemetic application and drug adverse reactions were analyzed. A new treatment plan was given by clinical pharmacist. Results The suggestions were adopted by clinician. The vomiting was controlled and drug adverse reactions were dealt with. Conclusion To reduce the risk and improve the income of antiemetic,clinical pharmacists should pay more attention to clinical practice guideline,drug interaction and adverse reactions,provide the most suitable suggestions for clinicians according to pharmacology and evidence-based medicine.
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