中国科技论文统计源期刊 中文核心期刊  
美国《化学文摘》《国际药学文摘》
《乌利希期刊指南》
WHO《西太平洋地区医学索引》来源期刊  
日本科学技术振兴机构数据库(JST)
第七届湖北十大名刊提名奖  
医药导报, 2017, 36(12): 1422-1425
doi: 10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2017.12.023
1例免疫功能受损肺部感染患者的药学监护
Pharmaceutical Care of One Case with Pulmonary Infection and Impaired Immune Function
吴静1,, 童伟2, 陈虹3, 黄兴富4, 杨婉花5, 方洁5,

摘要:

目的 探讨临床药师参与临床治疗并提供药学服务的方式及效果。方法 临床药师通过调整用药方案、观察疗效、监测血药浓度、监护不良反应及相互作用等,参与呼吸科重症监护病房1例胸腺瘤伴重症肌无力、后天性纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血和下肢深静脉血栓继发肺部感染患者的诊疗过程,与临床医师共同制定药物治疗方案,为临床合理用药提供帮助。结果 对于免疫功能受损合并肺部感染患者,在初始抗感染治疗时,需特别注意覆盖机会性感染病原体;当无法耐受高剂量复方磺胺甲唑时,临床药师建议联合卡泊芬净治疗肺孢子菌肺炎。患者在同时使用伏立康唑与环孢素A(CsA)时,可能由于药物相互作用,导致CsA血药浓度升高。针对该问题,临床药师建议暂时降低CsA剂量。结论 临床药师利用药学专业知识,协助临床优化治疗方案,提高了药物治疗的安全性与有效性。

关键词: 药学监护 ; 免疫受损 ; 感染 ; 肺部 ; 临床药师

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the mode and effects of clinical pharmacists participating in clinical treatment and providing pharmaceutical care. Methods The clinical pharmacists participated in the treatment of the case of thymoma complicated with pulmonary infection in respiratory intensive care unit (RICU),associated with the myasthenia gravis (MG),pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) and lower extremity deep vein thrombolysis (LEDVT),through adjustment of drug regimen,observation of curative effect,monitoring blood drug concentration and adverse reaction and interaction monitoring,which could give full play to the professional expertise of pharmacy,and contribute to the clinical rational drug use. Results For patients with impaired immune function complicated with pulmonary infection,the opportunistic infections require special attention,during the initial anti-infective therapy.When the patient was unable to tolerate high doses of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP),the clinical pharmacist recommended to use caspofungin for the combined treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia.When voriconazole and cyclosporine A (CsA) were used at the same time,the blood drug concentration of CsA would be increased,due to drug interactions probably.To solve the problem,clinical pharmacists recommended a temporary reduction in CsA dose. Conclusion Clinical pharmacists use pharmaceutical expertise to help optimize clinical treatment regimens,can improve the safety and effectiveness of drug treatment.

Key words: Pharmaceutical care ; Impaired immune function ; Infection ; Lung ; Clinical pharmacist

胸腺是机体的重要淋巴器官,与机体免疫状态紧密相关,是T细胞分化、发育、成熟的重要场所。胸腺瘤为起源于胸腺上皮细胞的一种少见肿瘤,可影响正常T细胞的发育,且常与伴发重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)、后天性纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血(pure red cell aplasia,PRCA)、低丙种球蛋白血症和系统性红斑狼疮等多种自身免疫性疾病。伴PRCA患者可出现免疫功能受损,表现为外周血B淋巴细胞计数下降、C D 4 + T淋巴细胞降低、C D 4 + /C D 8 + 细胞比值倒置等[1]。PRCA首选治疗方案是免疫抑制药,糖皮质激素是首选用药,环孢素A(cyclosporin A,CsA)是一线用药,可使大多数患者得到缓解,但由于抑制免疫功能,也增加了出现严重并发症的风险[2]。机体免疫受损后,感染发生率明显升高,尤以呼吸道感染常见,病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其次为革兰阳性菌,真菌、巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)也是常见的致病菌,尤其卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(preumocystis cariniipneumonia,PCP)是免疫功能低下患者最严重的机会感染性疾病之一[3]。笔者就1例免疫功能受损继发肺部感染患者治疗过程中药学监护进行分析探讨。

1 病例概况
1.1 病史摘要

患者,男,46岁,身高180 cm,体质量84 kg,因“胸腺瘤术后10年,发热伴咳嗽4 d”于2016年9月8日入院。患者2016年9月4日,因受凉出现发热,最高体温为39 ℃,伴较剧干咳,无明显咯痰,于外院就诊,考虑为肺部感染,予以左氧氟沙星(0.5 g,qd)抗感染治疗,但症状无明显改善,于2016年9月8日收入上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院呼吸科普通病房治疗。入院后,予以美罗培南(0.5 g,q8 h)、左氧氟沙星(0.4 g,qd)、更昔洛韦(0.25 g,q12 h)、氟康唑(0.2 g,qd)、甲泼尼龙(40 mg,q12 h)联合丙种球蛋白(10 g,qd)治疗,无创辅助通气。2016年9月18日,患者在氧流量10 L·min-1的无创辅助通气支持下,血氧饱和度持续波动,转入呼吸重症监护病房(respiratory intensive care unit,RICU)以求进一步治疗。

患者既往有胸腺瘤、MG、PRCA及右侧下肢深静脉血栓(lower extremity deep vein thrombolysis,LEDVT)病史。患者因“无明显诱因出现重症肌无力症状”于2006年7月就诊于瑞金医院,胸部CT提示胸腺瘤,2006年10月行胸腺瘤切除术,术后病理为胸腺瘤B1B2型。2009年2月行右下胸膜结节切除术,术后病理再次确诊为胸腺瘤B1B2型,术后行5次IEP方案化疗。2010年5月—2012年11月间行多次放化疗,2013年4月患者出现重症肌无力危象,予以大剂量糖皮质激素、丙种球蛋白冲击及对症治疗后好转出院,出院后长期服用他克莫司、泼尼松。2015年7月患者无明显诱因出现头晕乏力,且症状进行性加重,就诊后血常规提示血红蛋白进行性下降,诊断为PRCA,予以CsA、泼尼松治疗后病情稳定。2016年5月底患者因突发右下肢胀痛再次于瑞金医院就诊,超声提示右侧LEDVT形成,考虑无手术指征,予以华法林抗凝治疗。入院时药物治疗方案:泼尼松(50 mg,qd)、CsA(175 mg,bid)、呋塞米(20 mg,bid)、华法林(2.5,3.75,5 mg交替)。2016年8月29日测得国际标准化比值(INR)为3.08。2016年9月9日检测CsA血药浓度为300.5 ng·mL-1

1.2 入院查体

体温37.2 ℃,血压115/65 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),心率116次·min-1,呼吸率27次·min-1,血氧饱和度(SpO2)98%。神志清,精神可,贫血貌,全身皮肤未见出血点及瘀斑,浅表淋巴结未触及肿大,胸骨正中见陈旧性手术瘢痕,胸骨无压痛,双肺呼吸音粗,双肺可闻及大量湿音。律齐,未及杂音。腹软,肝脾肋下未及,无压痛、反跳痛,双下肢无水肿。

1.3 辅助检查

2016年9月18日血常规:白细胞计数(WBC)14.88×109 ·L-1,中性粒细胞百分数(N%)95.3%,红细胞计数(RBC)3.83×1012·L-1,血红蛋白(Hb)111 g·L-1,血小板计数(PLT)255×109 ·L-1;血气分析:pH值7.40,氧分压(PaO2)16.44 kPa,二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)6.79 kPa,SpO2 98.6%;血生化:丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT):13 U·L-1,天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST):14 U·L-1,总胆红素(T-BiL):17.5 μmol·L-1,直接胆红素(D-BiL):4.0 μmol·L-1,肌酐(CRE):77 μmol·L-1,尿素:6.1 μmol·L-1;凝血功能基本正常;胸部正位片:胸部术后,双肺纹理增多增粗,两肺可见散在斑片状稍高密度影,多发渗出影,左侧为重。2016年9月9日查:细胞免疫:C D 3 + 88.6;C D 3 + C D 4 + 25.7;C D 3 + C D 8 + 59.6;体液免疫:免疫球蛋白IgA 870 mg·L-1;免疫球蛋白IgM 1 080 mg·L-1;免疫球蛋白IgG 5 630 mg·L-1;免疫球蛋白IgE 76.5 U·mL-1

1.4 入院诊断

社区获得性肺炎(重症);②后天性纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血;③胸腺肿瘤(B1B2型,胸膜转移);④重症肌无力;⑤LEDVT形成(右侧)。

2 主要治疗过程与药学监护
2.1 主要治疗过程及疾病转归

转入RICU后,临床药师协助医生共同制定初始抗感染治疗方案,结合患者病史、体检、辅助检查结果,予美罗培南(1 g,q8 h),伏立康唑(200 mg,bid),复方磺胺甲唑(SMZ-TMP,480 mg,tid)抗感染,甲泼尼龙(40 mg,q12 h)抗炎,及保肝、护胃、化痰、抗凝、营养支持、改善免疫等对症治疗。入院第2天患者病情恶化,血压下降,心率波动于130~140次·min-1,SpO288%~90%,行气管急插管术辅助通气,予镇静、升压、扩容等措施处理,患者血压维持尚可。查血常规:WBC 23.71×109 ·L-1,N% 90.3%,Hb107 g·L-1;pH值7.32,PaO2 7.33 kPa,PaCO2 8.77 kPa,SpO2 82.0%;CRP 91.9 mg·L-1;PCT 0.46 ng·mL-1;复查细胞免疫:CD3+88.7;CD3+CD4+23.2。入院第3天经瑞金医院全院大会诊,根据患者临床症状及影像学资料,PCP感染可能性大,将SMZ-TMP剂量增至治疗剂量1 440 mg,qid,同时给予碳酸氢钠碱化尿液。加强PCP针对性治疗,第2天患者出现明显恶心、呕吐等症状,将SMZ-TMP剂量减至1 440 mg tid,同时更换伏立康唑为卡泊芬净(50 mg,qd)[4-5]。当日查CMV DNA定量:1.92×103 U·mL-1,病毒复制量轻度升高,加用更昔洛韦(0.25 g,q12 h)。更改PCP治疗方案后,患者仍有轻微胃部不适,但可耐受,继续密切观察,待病情稳定后逐步减低SMZ-TMP剂量。呼吸道微生物全套及病毒全套结果回报均为阴性。该方案治疗8 d后,患者体温正常,意识清楚,临床症状及辅助检查结果较前明显好转,经脱机实验后成功拔除气管插管,予High-flow序贯辅助通气。2016年9月30日,CMV DNA定量阴性,更昔洛韦钠减量至125 mg,q12h,SMZ-TMP(1 440 mg,tid)已使用9 d,目前患者病情稳定,逐步减低剂量。治疗过程中,Hb持续在80~90 g·L-1,请血液科会诊评估可加用CsA,于2016年10月5日加用CsA(175 mg,bid)治疗PRCA,甲泼尼龙减量至40 mg,qd维持。2016年10月8日CMV DNA定量再次结果为阴性。2016年10月11日再次全院大会诊,考虑患者病情好转,停用美罗培南、更昔洛韦,结合目前影响学特点,肺部阴影仍有部分未吸收,曲霉菌感染不能排除,改卡泊芬净为伏立康唑(200 mg,bid)序贯治疗至足疗程。2016年10月13日患者病情稳定,SMZ-TMP减量至480 mg,tid,改甲泼尼龙为32 mg,qd,po。2016年10月17日CsA血药谷浓度496.2 ng·mL-1,高于目标谷浓度范围(<200 ng·mL-1),CsA减量至150 mg,bid。2016年10月23日测CsA血药谷浓度293.8 ng·mL-1,2016年10月24日患者出院。2016年11月1日该患者门诊随访,复查CsA血药谷浓度为189.0 ng·mL-1

2.2 免疫受损患者并发感染因素与初始抗感染治疗方案

患者为中年男性,10年实体肿瘤史,多次行放化疗,且有PRCA病史,长期服用免疫抑制剂,2016年9月9日CsA浓度300.5 ng·mL-1,CsA高浓度也是发生感染的高危因素,入院时细胞免疫:C D 3 + 88.6;C D 3 + C D 4 + 25.7;C D 3 + C D 8 + 59.6;体液免疫:免疫球蛋白IgG 563 mg·dL-1,无论是细胞免疫还是体液免疫都不同程度低下。

针对普通病房的抗感染治疗方案:美罗培南(0.5 g,q8 h),左氧氟沙星(0.4 g,qd),更昔洛韦(0.25 g,q12 h),氟康唑(0.2 g,qd),临床药师提出:①对于此类免疫受损的患者,感染发生率明显升高,该患者入院时病情危重,入院后有10 d抗菌药物治疗史,存在耐药菌的风险,参考《IDSA成人医院获得性肺炎和呼吸机相关性肺炎临床实践指南(2016版)》剂量[6],建议美罗培南提高剂量至1 g,q8 h;②免疫受损患者初始经验治疗还需特别注意覆盖条件致病菌,如肺孢子菌,CMV以及真菌,在经验性抗感染治疗前,应积极留取标本送检,包括巨细胞病毒DNA定量、抗军团菌1型IgM等微生物学结果[3];③该患者以免疫受损为最大特点,且肺部感染明确,应考虑曲霉菌感染的可能,故建议加用伏立康唑(200 mg,bid)[7]。与临床医生沟通后,初始抗感染方案最终确定为美罗培南(1 g,q8 h)联合伏立康唑(200 mg,bid)以及SMZ-TMP(480 mg,tid)。

2.3 卡泊芬净联合SMZ-TMP治疗PCP的药学分析

PCP临床特征为亚急性起病,呼吸困难逐渐加重,伴有发热、干咳、胸闷,症状逐渐加重,严重者发生呼吸窘迫,影像学改变以两肺间质性和肺泡性病变为主。患者入院时症状特点为高热,咳嗽,无明显咳痰,且入RICU后呼吸衰竭进行性加重,结合患者免疫力低下,胸部CT表现为双侧大片间质改变,存在实变,有单侧胸腔积液的特点,2016年9月22日瑞金医院全院大会诊,患者肺部感染诊断明确且考虑PCP感染可能性大,予以SMZ-TMP(1 440 mg,qid)针对性治疗。会诊时临床药师提出SMZ-TMP不良反应主要为肾脏损伤和胃肠道反应,其代谢产物在酸性尿中易析出结晶,引起结晶尿、血尿和管型尿等肾脏损伤症状。目前SMZ-TMP治疗剂量较大,可同时给予碳酸氢钠碱化尿液,避免肾脏损伤发生,临床医师接受意见。次日患者出现明显恶心、呕吐等症状,自述胃部有较强不适感,临床药师考虑胃部不适可能与大剂量SMZ-TMP有关,建议将SMZ-TMP剂量减至1 440 mg,每天3次。鉴于患者病情危重,针对PCP必须给予足量抗菌药物,临床药师查阅相关文献,有文献报道PCP感染可使用卡泊芬净联合SMZ-TMP治疗[4-5]

棘白菌素类抗真菌药物能抑制真菌细胞壁的主要成分β-1,3-D-葡聚糖的合成,从而清除宿主肺内的病原体。有研究表明,在小鼠模型中,棘白菌素类药物仅对肺孢子菌包囊有效,对滋养体无效,停止治疗可导致复发[8]。因此,棘白菌素类药物不能单药治疗PCP,但卡泊芬净联合SMZ-TMP治疗PCP效果比单用SMZ-TMP效果好[4]。TU等[5]报告3例卡泊芬净联合SMZ-TMP治疗肾脏移植后PCP疗效观察,2例患者在单用大剂量SMZ-TMP出现相关不良反应后,更改治疗方案为SMZ-TMP(480 mg,q8 h)联合卡泊芬净(50 mg,qd),患者愈后好。1例患者诊断为PCP后,首选SMZ-TMP(480 mg,q8 h)和卡泊芬净(50 mg,qd),治疗2 d后病情好转。

在科内病例讨论时临床药师提出: 《热病》44 版及相关诊治指南均指出,免疫功能低下伴肺孢子菌肺炎患者,推荐首选治疗药物为SMZ-TMP[9-10]。《中国成人社区获得性肺炎诊断和治疗指南(2016版)》指出急性患者口服TMP15 mg·kg-1·d-1或4片,每天3~4次,给药前给予糖皮质激素,疗程21 d,必要时可延长疗程[11]。目前患者服用大剂量SMZ-TMP后次日胃部有较强不适感,无法耐受大剂量SMZ-TMP,建议SMZ-TMP剂量降低至1 440 mg tid,卡泊芬净联合治疗PCP效果好且可覆盖其他条件致病性真菌,可更换伏立康唑为卡泊芬净(50 mg,qd)联合治疗PCP,临床医师接受建议将PCP治疗方案改为SMZ-TMP(1 440 mg,tid)联合卡泊芬净(50 mg,qd)。该方案治疗9 d后,患者病情好转稳定,临床药师建议可逐步减少剂量,临床医生接受建议。

2.4 伏立康唑对CsA血药浓度的影响

伏立康唑为三唑类抗真菌药,口服吸收好,生物利用度达90%,耐药率低,为侵袭性曲菌感染首选药物,伏立康唑主要通过细胞色素P450(CYP)同工酶CYP2C19代谢,同时是CYP3A4 的抑制剂[12]。因此,伏立康唑易与主要在CYP3A4代谢的CsA发生相互作用。有报道提示,伏立康唑可使CsA的最大血药浓度及药-时曲线下面积至少分别增高13%和70%[13]

CsA药动学特征显示个体差异大且治疗指数窄,它的免疫抑制作用与用药剂量、血药浓度密切相关,不良反应多与用药剂量过大有关,常见的不良反应有神经功能损伤、高血糖、高血钾;同时,剂量过大或应用时间过长,可能导致可逆性肝、肾损伤。为避免药物不良反应的发生并保证疗效,必须通过CsA血药浓度监测来调整其剂量,同时密切关注患者精神状态,加强血糖、血钾检测。

2016年10月17日测CsA血药谷浓度496.2 ng·mL-1,高于目标谷浓度范围(<200 ng·mL-1),临床药师考虑伏立康唑为CYP3A4酶抑制药,而CsA为CYP3A4酶的底物,推测伏立康唑通过抑制CYP3A4酶而升高CsA的血药浓度[12-13],鉴于患者病情需要使用伏立康唑,故建议CsA减量以避免因血药浓度过高产生的不良反应,临床医生采纳,CsA减量至150 mg,bid。2016年10月23日测CsA血药谷浓度293.8 ng·mL-1。治疗过程中,临床药师持续监护患者肝肾功能、血细胞等药物相关指标,整个治疗过程中未出现异常。患者2016年10月24日出院,临床药师嘱出院后定期复查孢素血药谷浓度,及时调整用量,防止不良反应发生。2016年11月1日该患者门诊随访,复查CsA血药谷浓度为189.0 ng·mL-1

3 讨论

根据患者个体的病理生理状态来调整药物治疗方案是临床药师关注的重点,也是参与临床诊疗工作的重要切入点。在本例患者的治疗过程中,临床药师积极发挥自身专业特点,通过用药方案调整、疗效观察、血药浓度监测、不良反应及相互作用监护等药学服务,与临床医生共同制定药物治疗方案,为临床合理用药提供帮助。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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关键词(key words)
药学监护
免疫受损
感染
肺部
临床药师

Pharmaceutical care
Impaired immune function
Infection
Lung
Clinical pharmacist

作者
吴静
童伟
陈虹
黄兴富
杨婉花
方洁

WU Jing
TONG Wei
CHEN Hong
HUANG Xingfu
YANG Wanhua
FANG Jie