Objective;Methotrexate (MIX) is the cornerstone medication in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We examined whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in enzymes of the folic acid pathway (folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase [FPGS] gamma-glutamyl hydrolase [GGH], and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [MTHFR]) associate with significant adverse events (SigAE).<br/>Methods;Patients (n=319) enrolled in the Veterans Affairs RA (VARA) registry taking MIX were genotyped for HLA-DRB1-SE and the following SNPs: FPGS (rs7033913, rs10760503, rs10106), GGH (12548933, rs7010484, rs4617146, rs719235, rs11988534), MTHFR (rs1801131, rs1801133). AE were abstracted from the medical record using a structured instrument. SigAE were defined as an AE leading to MTX discontinuation. Covariates included: age, gender, race, RA antibody status, tobacco, RA disease duration between diagnosis and MTX course, Charlson-Deyo comorbidity index, glucocorticoids, use of prior RA medications, and mean 4-variable disease activity score. Cox regression was performed to determine factors associated with time-to-SigAE. A p-value <= 0.005 established significance in the final model.<br/>Results;The presence of >= 1 copy of the minor allele in MTHFR rs1801131 was associated with an increased hazard ratio (HR) of SigAE (HR 3.05, 95% CI 1.48-6.29, p-value 0.003 and HR 3.88, 95% CI 1.62-9.28, p-value 0.002 for heterozygotes and homozygotes for the minor allele, respectively). An interaction term, between FPGS rs7033913 heterozygotes and GGH rs11988534 homozygotes for the minor allele, had a p-value <0.0001.<br/>Conclusion;RA subjects taking MTX may have decreased time-to-SigAE with >= 1 copy of the minor allele in MTHFR rs1801131. Further investigation is warranted, as these SNPs may indicate susceptibility to MTX toxicity.

The purpose of this work was to modernize recommendations for evaluation, staging, and response assessment of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). A workshop was held at the 11th International Conference on Malignant Lymphoma in Lugano, Switzerland, in June 2011, that included leading hematologists, oncologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, and nuclear medicine physicians, representing major international lymphoma clinical trials groups and cancer centers. Clinical and imaging subcommittees presented their conclusions at a subsequent workshop at the 12th International Conference on Malignant Lymphoma, leading to revised criteria for staging and of the International Working Group Guidelines of 2007 for response. As a result, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) was formally incorporated into standard staging for FDG-avid lymphomas. A modification of the Ann Arbor descriptive terminology will be used for anatomic distribution of disease extent, but the suffixes A or B for symptoms will only be included for HL. A bone marrow biopsy is no longer indicated for the routine staging of HL and most diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. However, regardless of stage, general practice is to treat patients based on limited (stages I and II, nonbulky) or advanced (stage III or IV) disease, with stage II bulky disease considered as limited or advanced disease based on histology and a number of prognostic factors. PET-CT will be used to assess response in FDG-avid histologies using the 5-point scale. The product of the perpendicular diameters of a single node can be used to identify progressive disease. Routine surveillance scans are discouraged. These recommendations should improve evaluation of patients with lymphoma and enhance the ability to compare outcomes of clinical trials. (C) 2014 by American Society of Clinical Oncology

<p><strong>目的</strong>:探讨亚甲基四氢叶酸脱氢酶1(MTHFD1)G1958A基因多态性与急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患儿使用大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HD-MTX)化疗期间的MTX血药浓度及不良反应的关系。<strong>方法</strong>:收集70例急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿外周血,提取DNA,采用PCR技术和直接测序的方法分析MTHFD1基因的基因型;采用酶放大免疫法(EMIT)测定MTX给药后48 h的血药浓度;收集患者HD-MTX化疗期间的临床资料,统计不良反应相关信息,对化疗不良反应进行分级。分析MTHFD1基因多态性与MTX血药浓度及不良反应的关系。<strong>结果</strong>:MTHFD1 G1958A基因位点存在多态性,70例ALL患儿中GG、AG和AA基因型的分布频率分别为41.43%,52.86%,5.71%; G和A等位基因的分布频率分别为67.86%和32.14%。携带野生基因型(GG)ALL患儿的48hC/D值高于突变型基因型(GA+AA)携带者;携带野生基因型(GG)ALL患儿的骨髓抑制和肝脏损害不良反应发生率高于携带突变基因型(GA+AA)ALL患儿。由于个体间差异大,上述差异均无统计学意义( <em>P</em>&gt;0.05)。<strong>结论</strong>:影响MTX的体内代谢和不良反应的因素复杂,MTHFD1 G1958A多态性尚不能作为ALL患儿HDMTX化疗所致骨髓移植和肝脏损害不良反应和预测MTX体内排泄的有效预测指标。</p>

The objectives of this study were (1) to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and malignant lymphoma (ML) in order to investigate the influence of common polymorphisms in SLC19A1, MTHFR and ABCB1 on plasma levels of MTX and (2) to estimate MTX exposure in individual patients to study the association of genetic variability in the folate metabolic pathway with MTX toxicity.<br/>The study population comprised 64 children with ALL/ML (age 1.6-16.8 years) who had received a total of 252 MTX courses (2-4 per patient). Common putative functional polymorphisms in the SLC19A1, MTHFR, MS, MTRR, TS and ABCB1 genes were analysed by PCR-based genotyping. Nonlinear mixed effects modelling was used for the pharmacokinetic analysis.<br/>The population typical value of clearance was 7.43 L/h (inter-individual variability 43.9%), central compartment volume was 16.7 L (46.6%), peripheral compartment volume was 2.6 L (63.3%) and distribution clearance was 0.0952 L/h (66.6%). MTX clearance decreased to 73.8% in patients with the MTHFR 677TT genotype. Patients homozygous for the variant MTHFR 1298A > C [odds ratio (OR) 0.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.037-0.54] and SLC19A1 80A > G (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.039-0.60) were at decreased risk for leucopenia. The TS 2R > 3R polymorphism was associated with a lower incidence of thrombocytopenia (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.039-0.61) and mucositis (OR 0.016, 95% CI 0.0012-0.20). In contrast, the MTHFR 677TT polymorphism was associated with an increased incidence of mucositis (OR 23, 95% CI 2.1-240).<br/>A population pharmacokinetic model developed in this study implies only a limited influence of genetic factors on the systemic disposition of MTX. Clearance is moderately reduced in patients with the MTHFR 677TT genotype. Genetic polymorphisms in the folate metabolic pathway and SLC19A1 were associated with HD-MTX toxicity.