Calculus Bovis is a valuable traditional Chinese medicine and has been used for more than two thousand years in clinic with the effects of puring heart, sweeping phlegm, resuscitation, extinguishing wind and detoxification. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, modern methods have been utilized by traditional Chinese medicine researchers in the resource identification, chemical components, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacy, clinical application, etc. It is their continually exploration that makes significant achievements for the modern research of Calculus Bovis. This article statistically analysed the literatures from 1949 to December 2015 in Pubmed, CNKI, Wanfang, Vip database etc.to review Calculus Bovis and its compound formulas, as well as its substitutes, quality control, formulation study, compound prescription, pharmacological mechanism and clinical research. The aim of this article is to provide a valuable reference for future developments and studies of Calculus Bovis.
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Literature metrology
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KONG WJ, XING XY, XIAO XH, et al.Multi-component analysis of bile acids in natural Calculus Bovis and its substitutes by ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction and UPLC-ELSD[J]. Analyst, 2012, 137(24):5845-5853.
An ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction (USLE) coupled to ultra-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection (UPLC-ELSD) method has been developed for the simultaneous extraction and determination of six bile acids (BAs) in natural Calculus bovis and its substitutes, collected from different origins. The USLE conditions, UPLC chromatographic and ELSD conditions for BAs were optimized. Under optimum conditions, the six target analytes were efficiently extracted and baseline separated within 10 min. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) for six BAs were less than 7 ng and 22 ng, respectively. Average recoveries were within the range of 98.8-100.7% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) <2% for the six analytes. This method, due to its convenience, high selectivity, fast analysis efficiency and good reproducibility can be employed for analyzing the content differences of six BAs in 40 batches of natural C. bovis and its existing substitutes. The differences of the content of each BA in natural C. bovis and its substitutes were significant, and the total contents of six BAs in 13 batches of natural C. bovis were in the range of 7.96-160.17 mg g(-1), in 20 natural C. bovis of 0-245.89 mg g(-1), in 2 artificial cultivated C. bovis of 178.48-194.22 mg g(-1), in 3 cultured C. bovis of 41.01-107.3 mg g(-1), and in 2 counterfeit C. bovis of 144.9-340.25 mg g(-1). The significant differences of multi-component contents reflected the various inherent qualities of these samples, so, the use of these substitutes as the replacers of natural source in clinic should be paid more attention. Some substitutes could not be used as the replacers.
TAKAHASHIK, AZUMAY, SHIMADAK, et al.Quality and safety issues related to traditional animal medicine: role of taurine[J]. J Biomed Sci, 2010, 17( Suppl 1):S1-S44.
Background Calculus Bovis (: C.Bovis ) is one of the most precious and commonly-used medicinal materials in Japan and China. As the natural occurrence is very rare, a source of supply for C. Bovis is far behind the actual need and great efforts have been taken for some substitutes of natural C. Bovis . Unfortunately, very little information is available on the quality and/or clinical efficacy of medication based on C. Bovis . To ensure sustainable use of traditional therapeutic agents derived from C. Bovis , we felt that several issues needed to be addressed: 1) the source of the C. Bovis materials and quality control; 2) the role of taurine in the efficacy of C. Bovis . Methods Nine samples of natural C. Bovis and its substitutes were collected. ICP-MS was used for elemental analysis and the characterization was performed by principal component analysis (PCA) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) as multivariate approaches. The efficacy of C. Bovis was evaluated for morphology, viability and beating pattern on cultured cardiac myocytes and/or fibroblasts. Results PCA and multi-elemental focus was effective in discriminating C. Bovis samples derived from different habitats. A satisfactory classification using SIMCA was obtained among Australia C. Bovis , other habitats and the substitutes. Australian samples had better batch uniformity than other habitats and were composed of fewer elements. We have used Australian C. Bovis for assessment on its bioactive compounds. Rat cardiac cells incubated with C. Bovis extract (0.01-0.1mg/ml) maintained normal morphology, viability and beating pattern. Cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts treated for 48 h with CA (0.5mM) or DCA (0.1mM) caused cell injury, as reflected by changes in appearance and a reduction of viability detected by the MTS assay. In cardiomyocytes, 0.5 h exposure of CA (0.5mM) markedly decreased the velocity ratio of beating, whereas the simultaneous addition of 1 mM taurine largely prevented the decrease. Conclusions The multi-elemental focus provided some references for the quality control and the efficacy of C. Bovis . Taurine partly attenuated the harmful actions of bile acids. It is plausible that the relationship between taurine and the bile acids contributes to therapeutic effect of C. Bovis .
SHIY, XIONGJ, SUND, et al.Simultaneous quantification of the major bile acids in artificial Calculus Bovis by high-performance liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization and its application in quality control[J]. J Sep Sci, 2015, 38(16):2753-2762.
ABSTRACT An accurate and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with ultralviolet detection and pre-column derivatization was developed for the simultaneous quantification of the major bile acids in Artificial Calculus bovis, including cholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid. The extraction, derivatization, chromatographic separation and detection parameters were fully optimized. The samples were extracted with methanol via ultrasonic extraction. Then, 2-bromine-4'-nitroacetophenone and 18-crown ether-6 were used for derivatization. The chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent SB-C18 column (250×4.6 mm id, 5 m) at a column temperature of 30掳C and liquid flow rate of 1.0 mL/min using water and methanol as the mobile phase with a gradient elution. The detection wavelength was 263 nm. The method was extensively validated by evaluating the linearity (r(2) 鈮0.9980), recovery (94.24-98.91%), limits of detection (0.25-0.31 ng) and limits of quantification (0.83-1.02 ng). 17 samples were analyzed using the developed and validated method. Then, the amounts of bile acids were analyzed by hierarchical agglomerative clustering analysis and principal component analysis. The results of the chemometric analysis showed that the contents of these compounds reflect the intrinsic quality of artificial Calculus bovis, and two compounds (hyodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid) were the most important markers for quality evaluating. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
PENGC, TIANJ, LVM, et al.Development and validation of a sensitive LC-MS-MS method for the simultaneous determination of multicomponent contents in artificial Calculus Bovis[J]. J Chromatogr Sci, 2014, 52(2):128-136.
Artificial Calculus Bovis is a major substitute in clinical treatment for Niuhuang, a widely used, efficacious but rare traditional Chinese medicine. However, its chemical structures and the...
KONGW, WANGJ, ZANGQ, et al.Fingerprint-efficacy study of artificial Calculus Bovis in quality control of Chinese materia medica[J]. Food Chem, 2011, 127(3):1342-1347.
For quality control of Chinese materia medica (CMM), an attempt on fingerprint–efficacy study of artificial Calculus bovis was developed in this work. Chemical fingerprints of artificial C. bovis samples from ten different sources were determined by UPLC–ELSD and investigated by similarity analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis. Antibacterial effects of these samples on Escherichia coli growth were measured using microcalorimetry. The fingerprint–efficacy relationship of chemical fingerprint and antibacterial effect of artificial C. bovis were established by multi-linear regression analysis. Our results showed that the sources and places of production of artificial C. bovis had some important influence on the chemical fingerprints and antibacterial effects of this CMM. These artificial C. bovis could be grouped into four clusters according to their chemical fingerprints and antibacterial effects. Compounds cholic acid, taurocholate sodium, hyodeoxycholic acid and one unknown compound might be the major effective components for quality control of this CMM. Fingerprint–efficacy study provided a powerful way and some insight for the quality control of artificial C. bovis and other CCMs.
ZHONG XM, REN XC, LOU YL, et al.Effects of in vitro Cultured Calculus Bovis on learning and memory impairments of hyperlipemia vascular dementia rats[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2016, 192(2):390-397.
ICCB could improve the abilities of learning and memory in HVD rats. It might be related to anti-oxidative, regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expressions, and the alleviation of cone cells damage.
MAH, ZHOUJ, JIANGJ, et al.The novel antidote Bezoar Bovis prevents the cardiotoxicity of Toad (Bufo bufo gargarizans Canto) Venom in mice[J]. Exp Toxicol Pathol, 2012, 64(5):417-423.
Toad Venom, called chansu (CS) in China, is an anti-inflammatory drug used in small doses for the treatment of various types of inflammation in China. Its use is hampered by the cardiotoxicity of bufadienolides derived from Toad Venom. Bezoar Bovis is another frequently used drug in Toad Venom preparations for the treatment of inflammatory or cardiovascular diseases in Asia. We explored whether Bezoar Bovis could protect against CS-induced acute toxicity in mice. Toxicity was assessed by the general features of poisoning, electrocardiography (ECG), and levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) in cardiac tissues. Toad Venom (90聽mg/kg) caused opisthotonus, ventricular arrhythmias, and increases in cardiac levels of Ca 2+ , CK and LDH. Pretreatment with Bezoar Bovis (120, 240 and 480聽mg/kg) significantly reduced the prevalence of opisthotonus and mortality, and prevented cardiotoxicity in CS-treated mice as evidenced by decreases in the scores of arrhythmias and cardiac levels of CK, LDH and Ca 2+ . Furthermore, the bilirubin, and taurine derived from Bezoar Bovis offered marked protection against the arrhythmias induced by CS or bufalin in vivo and in vitro . An anti-inflammatory study showed that Bezoar Bovis did not compromise the anti-inflammatory activity of Toad Venom on concanavalin-A (ConA)-stimulated proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These results suggested that Bezoar Bovis elicited protective and anti-arrhythmic effects against Toad Venom intoxication in mice, and is a novel antidote in combination with Toad Venom therapy.
牛黄降压丸是治疗高血压的常用中成药,主要用于肝火旺盛型高血 压,对肝火亢盛的头痛、眩晕、震颤、急躁易怒、面赤、目赤、失眠、口干口苦等症状有比较好的改善作用.研究表明,用药4周收缩压可下降12~14 mm Hg,舒张压下降7~15 mm Hg,总有效率为55.0%~80.0%.其降压机制与降低交感神经活性和改善血管内皮功能有关.牛黄降压丸还对心电图、血脂和血液流变学有一定程度的改 善和调节作用.不良反应以消化道症状多见.
LI XP, XU YJ, ZHANG CL, et al.Protective effect of Calculus Bovis sativus on dextran sulphate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice[J]. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2015, 2015 :469-506.
Calculus Bovis Sativus (CBS) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, which has been reported to exhibit antispasmodic, fever-reducing, anti-inflammatory, and gallbladder-repairing effects. The present study aims to investigate the protective effect of CBS on dextran sulphate sodium- (DSS-) induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. C57BL/6 male mice were exposed to 5% DSS in drinking water. CBS was given orally at 50 and 15065mg/kg once per day for 7 days. Body weight, disease activity index (DAI), colon length, colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured. Administration of CBS significantly reserved these changes, decreased the MPO activity and MDA and NO level, and increased the SOD activity in the colon tissue. Histological observation suggested that CBS alleviated edema, mucosal damage, and inflammatory cells infiltration induced by DSS in the colon. Moreover, CBS significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin- (IL-) 1β and IL-6 in the colon tissue. Our data suggested that CBS exerted protective effect on DSS-induced UC partially through the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
LIUD, WUT, ZHANG CL, et al.Beneficial effect of Calculus Bovis Sativus on 17alpha-ethynylestradiol-induced cholestasis in the rat[J]. Life Sci, 2014, 113(1/2):22-30.
AIMS: Calculus Bovis Sativus (CBS) shares similar pharmacological effects with Calculus Bovis like relieving . This study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of CBS on 17伪-(EE)-induced in the .: CBS (50 and 150 mg/kg per day) was intragastrically (i. g.) given to experimental for 5 consecutive days in coadministration with EE. The levels of serum biomarkers, hepatic malondialdehyde () content and () activity were determined by biochemical methods. The bile flow in 2h was measured. The histopathology of the liver tissue was evaluated. The expression of transporter was studied by -quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot.: CBS treatment significantly prevented EE-induced increases in serum levels of biomarkers. Decreased bile flow by EE was restored with CBS treatment. The tissue lesions were also relieved with CBS treatment. Western blot studies indicated that EE significantly decreased the protein expression of () and (Bcrp), but notably increased P-(P-gp) protein, compared with the control group. CBS treatment significantly increased the protein expression of P-gp, and Bcrp compared with the EE group. RT-qPCR studies indicated that EE down-regulated Bcrp at transcriptional level. CBS up-regulated the expression of P-gp, and Bcrp compared with the EE group.: The present study indicated that CBS exerted a beneficial effect on EE-induced in the , which may result from its induction of P-gp, and Bcrp expression.
LIT, YANGZ, CAI HJ, et al.Effects of in vitro cultivated Calculus Bovis compound on pulmonary lesions in rabbits with schistosomiasis[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2010, 16(6):749-754.
PENGC, LVM, TIANJ, et al.Herb-drug pharmacokinetic interaction of artificial Calculus Bovis with diclofenac sodium and chlorpheniramine maleate in rats[J]. J Pharm Pharmacol, 2013, 65(7):1064-1072.
To investigate the herb-drug pharmacokinetic interaction of artificial calculus bovis (ACB) with diclofenac sodium (DS) and chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in rats.A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of DS and CPM in rat plasma. The proposed method was successfully applied to compare the herb-drug pharmacokinetic interaction of ACB with DS and CPM in rats following intragastric administration.The proposed method had good linearity and no endogenous material interfered with the analytes and internal standard peaks. The lower limit of quantification of DS and CPM was 1 and 0.165ng/ml, respectively. There was no apparent pharmacokinetic interaction between DS and CPM. Co-administration of ACB with DS noticeably increased the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞ ) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax ) of DS, while the parameters time of peak concentration (Tmax ), clearance (ClZ/F ) and apparent volume of distribution (VZ/F ) of DS significantly decreased. Meanwhile, co-administration of ACB with CPM noticeably increased the Tmax , ClZ/F and VZ/F of CPM. A marked decline in AUC0-∞ and Cmax of CPM occurred in the presence of ACB.This study indicated that co-administration of ACB with DS and CPM can result in an apparent herb-drug pharmacokinetic interaction in rats.
Simultaneous quantification of the major bile acids in artificial Calculus Bovis by high-performance liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization and its application in quality control