Objective To evaluate the efficacy of vancomycin used to treat severe bacterial infections of neonates and to provide a reference for clinical drug application. Methods In total,102 neonates treated with vancomycin were retrospectively analyzed. Disease distribution,results of therapeutic drug monitoring,bio-chemical examination,etiological examination and drug sensitive test were statistically analyzed. PK model established by Mehrotra was applied to calculate the ratio of drug concentration-area under the curve in 24 h and minimal inhibitory concentration (AUC24/MIC). Results Among the 102 cases,patients diagnosed with neonatal sepsis accounted for the highest percentage. And 36.27% of the patients had a trough concentration of vancomycin within the range of 10-20 μg·mL-1 in the first serum concentration test. After a treatment of vancomycin,clinical biomarker values of CRP,Cr,Urea,T-BiL,ALT and AST were decreased significantly. Totally,73 cases of Gram-positive bacteria were isolated and cultured and AUC24/MIC values were calculated. Most of them were much less than 400 (which is recommended by the expert consensus document). Conclusion Vancomycin has a definite efficacy in treating severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria in neonates. However,therapeutic drug monitoring should be applied in order to enhance security and effectiveness.
Key words:
Vancomycin
;
Neonates
;
Therapeutic drug monitoring
表2
初次谷浓度监测结果小于10 μg·mL-1与大于10 μg·mL-1患儿的基本特征比较
Tab.2
Comparison of characteristics between the patients whose initial trough concentrations less than 10 μg·mL-1 and those more than 10 μg·mL-1
组别
胎龄/周
矫正胎龄/周
出生时体质量/kg
中位数
范围
中位数
范围
中位数
范围
初次谷浓度监测≤10 μg·mL-1
34.36
25.29~41.43
35.21
26.00~43.00
1.94
0.78~3.56
初次谷浓度监测>10 μg·mL-1
33.79
26.86~41.29
34.76
27.57~43.43
1.82
0.88~3.46
组别
矫正体质量/ kg
单次给药剂量/ (mg·kg-1)
给药间隔/ h
用药前肌酐/ (μmol·L-1)
中位数
范围
中位数
范围
中位数
范围
中位数
范围
初次谷浓度监测≤10 μg·mL-1
1.92
0.76~3.50
11.08
10~15
12
8~12
21.88
19.44~48.20
初次谷浓度监测>10 μg·mL-1
1.83
0.86~3.40
12.15
10~15
8*1
8~12
24.65
19.85~51.70
Compared with the group with trough concentration ≤10 μg·mL-1, *1P<0.01
与谷浓度≤10 μg·mL-1组比较,*1P<0.01
表2
初次谷浓度监测结果小于10 μg·mL-1与大于10 μg·mL-1患儿的基本特征比较
Tab.2
Comparison of characteristics between the patients whose initial trough concentrations less than 10 μg·mL-1 and those more than 10 μg·mL-1
MEHROTRAN,TANGL,PHELPS SJ,et al.Evaluation of vancomycin dosing regimens in preterm and term neonates using Monte Carlo simulations[J].Pharmacotherapy,2012,32(5):408-419.
KIMURAT,SUNAKAWAK,MATSUURAN,et al.Popula-tion pharmacokinetics of arbekacin,vancomycin,and panipenem in neonates[J].Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2004,48(4):1159-1167.
Immature renal function in neonates requires antibiotic dosage adjustment. Population pharmacokinetic studies were performed to determine the optimal dosage regimens for three types of antibiotics: an aminoglycoside, arbekacin; a glycopeptide, vancomycin; and a carbapenem, panipenem. Eighty-three neonates received arbekacin (n = 41), vancomycin (n = 19), or panipenem (n = 23). The postconceptional ages (PCAs) were 24.1 to 48.4 weeks, and the body weights (BWs) ranged from 458 to 5,200 g. A one-compartment open model with first-order elimination was applied and evaluated with a nonlinear mixed-effect model for population pharmacokinetic analysis. In the fitting process, the fixed effects significantly related to clearance (CL) were PCA, postnatal age, gestational age, BW, and serum creatinine level; and the fixed effect significantly related to the volume of distribution (V) was BW. The final formulas for the population pharmacokinetic parameters are as follows: CL(arbekacin) = 0.0238 x BW/serum creatinine level for PCAs of <33 weeks and CL(arbekacin) = 0.0367 x BW/serum creatinine level for PCAs of > or = 33 weeks, V(arbekacin) = 0.54 liters/kg, CL(vancomycin) = 0.0250 x BW/serum creatinine level for PCAs of <34 weeks and CL(vancomycin) = 0.0323 x BW/serum creatinine level for PCAs of > or = 34 weeks, V(vancomycin) = 0.66 liters/kg, CL(panipenem) = 0.0832 for PCAs of <33 weeks and CL(panipenem) = 0.179 x BW for PCAs of > or = 33 weeks, and V(panipenem) = 0.53 liters/kg. When the CL of each drug was evaluated by the nonlinear mixed-effect model, we found that the mean CL for subjects with PCAs of <33 to 34 weeks was significantly smaller than those with PCAs of > or = 33 to 34 weeks, and CL showed an exponential increase with PCA. Many antibiotics are excreted by glomerular filtration, and maturation of glomerular filtration is the most important factor for estimation of antibiotic clearance. Clinicians should consider PCA, serum creatinine level, BW, and chemical features when determining the initial antibiotic dosing regimen for neonates.
OUDINC,VIALETR,BOULAMERYA,et al.Vancomycin prescription in neonates and young infants:toward a simplified dosage[J].Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed,2011,96(5):F365-F370.
There is no consensus on vancomycin dosing in newborns and young infants. The first objective was to assess the efficiency of a simplified dosing regimen with a cohort study. The secondary objective was to examine pharmacokinetic data to determine how this simplified dosing could be improved. All neonates admitted to our intensive care unit and treated with vancomycin were included in the pharmacokinetic study (PK group, 83 treatments, 156 measurements). The vancomycin dosing regimen consisted of a loading dose of 7 mg/kg, followed by a constant continuous dose of 30 mg/kg/day. The target serum vancomycin concentration ranged from 10 mg/l to 30 mg/l. Data from patients whose medications followed the scheduled dosing without modifications or prescription errors (actual dosing group: 62 treatments, 108 measurements) were analysed separately. A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed (PK group) to simulate several vancomycin dosings. Prescription errors were found in 10 of 83 treatments (12%). In the actual dosing group, 89.2% of vancomycin measurements were within the target range. Serum creatinine remained stable throughout treatment. Vancomycin concentrations varied widely. The modified regimen for a target vancomycin concentration of 25 mg/l consisted of a bolus of 20 mg/kg followed by continuous infusion of 30 mg/kg. Our pharmacokinetic data and bedside results suggest that a simplified schedule of vancomycin can achieve the targeted drug concentrations in most patients while avoiding secondary renal toxicity. The proposed new dosing scheme should be validated in a drug survey, but due to pharmacokinetic variability, still requires therapeutic drug monitoring.
HEDEGAARD SS,WISBORGK,HVAS AM.Diagnostic utility of biomarkers for neonatal sepsis-a systematic review[J].Inf Dis,2015,47(3):117-124.
Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment of the neonate with suspected sepsis are essential to prevent life-threatening complications. Diagnosis of neonatal sepsis is a challenge due to non-specific clinical signs and the fact that infection markers are difficult to interpret in the first and critical phase of neonatal sepsis. The objective of the present study was to systematically evaluate existing evidence of the diagnostic utility of biomarkers for prediction of sepsis in neonates. We conducted a systematic literature search performed in PubMed and Embase. The study population was neonates with gestation age > 24 weeks in their first 28 days of life with suspected sepsis. The included manuscripts were rated due to criteria from a modified rating scale developed by Douglas Altman. Of 292 potentially relevant manuscripts, 77 fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria; 16 (21%) were rated as high-quality studies. C-reactive protein (CRP) was the most extensively studied biomarker evaluated. The high-quality studies indicated that the acute phase protein serum amyloid A had high sensitivity, both at onset of symptoms and 2 days after. The studies evaluating serum amyloid A presented a variable positive predictive value (PPV, 0.67 and 0.92) with a high negative predictive value (NPV, 0.97 and 1.00). The existing evidence of the diagnostic value of serum amyloid A for neonatal sepsis showed promising results, and should be further investigated in clinical settings.
RINGENBERGT,ROBINSONC,MEYERSR,et al.Achie-vement of therapeutic vancomycin trough serum concentrations with empiric dosing in neonatal intensive care unit patients[J].Pedia Inf Dis,2015,34(7):742-747.
JACQZ-AIGRAINE,ZHAOW,SHARLAND,et al.Use of antibacterial agents in the neonate:50 years of experience with vancomycin administration[J].Fetal Neonatal Med,2013,18(1):28-34.
JACQZ-AIGRAINE,LEROUXS,ZHAOW,et al.How to use vancomycin optimally in neonates:remaining questions[J].Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol,2015,8(5):635-648.
In neonates, vancomycin, a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, is the first choice of treatment of late-onset sepsis predominantly caused by Gram-positive bacteria (coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococci). Although it has been used for >50 years, prescribing the right dose and dosing regimen remains a challenge in neonatal intensive care units for many reasons including high pharmacokinetic variability, increase in the minimal inhibition concentration against staphylococci, lack of consensus on dosing regimen and way of administration (continuous or intermittent), duration of treatment, use of therapeutic drug monitoring, limited data on short- and long-term toxicity, risk of mutant selection and errors of administration linked to concentrated formulations. This article highlights and discusses future research directions, with specific attention given to dosing optimization of vancomycin, including the advantages of modeling and simulation approaches.
MOFFETT BS,HILVERS PS,DINHK,et al.Vancomycin-associated kidney injury in pediatric cardiac intensive care patients[J].Congenit Heart Dis,2015,10(1):E6-E10.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant source of morbidity among critically ill pediatric patients, including those that have undergone cardiac surgery. Vancomycin may contribute to AKI in pediatric patients admitted to a cardiac intensive care unit.Patients admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit at Texas Children's Hospital and received vancomycin over a 4-year period were included in a case-control study. Patients were excluded if they underwent renal replacement therapy during vancomycin therapy. Patient demographic and disease state variables, vancomycin therapy variables, and use of other nephrotoxic medications were collected. The overall incidence of AKI was calculated based on doubling of serum creatinine during or within 72 ours of vancomycin therapy (vancomycin-associated AKI [vAKI]). Patients who developed vAKI were matched with three patients who did not develop vAKI, and conditional logistic regression was used to determine independent risk factors for vAKI.A total of 418 patients met study criteria (males 57.8%) and infants (31 days to 2 years) were the most populous age group (48.6%). Vancomycin-associated AKI occurred in 30 patients (7.2%), which resulted in a total of 120 patients (30 cases; 90 controls). No significant differences were noted in vancomycin dosing between groups. Vancomycin-associated AKI patients were less likely to have undergone cardiac surgery (P < .05), more likely to have undergone extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (P < .05), and had greater exposure to nephrotoxic medications (P < .05). A conditional logistic regression model identified extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as associated with vAKI (odds ratio 14.4, 95% confidence interval 1.02-203, P = .048) and patients with prior cardiovascular surgery (odds ratio 0.10, 95% confidence interval 0.02-0.51, P < .01) or an elevated baseline serum creatinine (odds ratio 0.009, 95% confidence interval 0.0002-0.29, P < .01) as less likely to develop vAKI.Vancomycin-associated AKI occurs infrequently in the pediatric cardiac intensive care population and is strongly associated with patient critical illness.