药物依从性是影响患者治疗效果的重要因素之一。该文通过文献查阅,对药物依从性的概念、影响因素、干预方式,特别是药物依从性评价方法进行综述,为药物依从性研究工作提供参考。药物依从性影响因素错综复杂,干预方式可从多方面着手,药物依从性评价方法分为客观评价法和主观评价法,不同方法各有其适用范围。目前已经有多种较为可靠的药物依从性评价方法,但更加简单、经济、有效的普适方法尚有待进一步开发。
Medication adherence is one of the important factors affecting the treatment effect of patients.This paper summarized the definition,influencing factors,intervention methods,especially the assessment methods of medication adherence through literature review so as to provide references for the study of medication adherence.The influencing factors of medication adherence are complicated,and the intervention can be carried out in a variety of ways.The assessment methods of medication adherence include objective assessment method and subjective assessment method,and different methods have their respective applicable scopes.At present,many reliable assessment methods of medication adherence have been developed and used,but a convenient,economical,and effective universal method need to be developed in the future.
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当今,药物依从性(medication adherence)已经成为一个世界范围内的重大公共卫生问题,据世界卫生组织(WHO)资料显示,全球有25%~50%的患者没有按照医嘱建议服药。在美国,药物依从性不良每年导致12.5万人死亡、10%的患者住院治疗,每年经济损失高达2 890亿美元[1]。WHO的数据显示,发达国家有50%~60%的患者药物依从性不良[2]。在我国,药物依从性不良的现象也十分普遍,特别是对于老年患者、需药物长期维持治疗的慢性疾病患者。研究表明,国外65岁以上的老年人中,药物依从性不良的比例高达40.6%[3],而我国老年慢性疾病患者药物依从性不良的比例更高[4]。WHO指出,与研发一种新的治疗手段比较,提高患者的治疗依从性获得的收益则更大[5]。自依从性概念提出以来,药物依从性评价问题一直是各国研究的热点,随着研究的不断深入,药物依从性评价方法层出不穷,本文旨在综述临床药物依从性评价的相关研究,为提高患者药物依从性提供参考。
治疗依从性(therapeutic adherence)又称为依从性,1975年,美国国家医学图书馆的医学主题词表(Medical Subject Headings,MeSH)引入患者依从性(patient compliance)的术语[6]。
药物依从性影响因素的探究是药物依从性评价和药物依从性干预的研究基础。药物依从性影响因素错综复杂,若不加以区分,会使药物依从性评价和依从性干预由于缺乏针对性而得不到良好的预期效果。许多国内外学者针对不同疾病从多个方面对药物依从性影响因素进行了研究,涉及社会人口学、心理因素、生理因素、生活习惯等各个方面。众多依从性研究普遍认为药物依从性的好坏与人口学因素如年龄、性别、民族、婚姻、教育程度、职业等,以及经济条件、社会支持、医疗环境、药物治疗方案等密切相关[9,10,11,12]。
许海燕等[13]对药物依从性影响因素的研究做了系统的评述,在各种影响因素的归类方面,国外药物依从性影响因素划分方法主要有二分法、三分法和五分法,其中二分法和三分法均以WHO提出的五分法为基础。WHO五分法把导致药物依从性不佳的影响因素归为患者因素、情景因素、治疗因素,社会经济因素、医疗系统因素五个方面。患者因素包括年龄、性别、民族、婚姻状况、教育程度、生理缺陷、认知缺陷等;情景因素包括无症状的慢性病、心理障碍等;治疗因素包括处方复杂、治疗失败经历、药物副作用等;社会经济因素包括低收入、高药费、高交通费、社会支持差等;医疗系统因素包括医患关系差、就医困难、医疗行为缺乏连续性等。WHO五分法应用较广,成为后续许多依从性影响因素研究的框架基础;二分法分为故意不依从(可感知、有意识的障碍)和非故意不依从(实际障碍)三分法分为患者方面因素、医务人员方面因素和医疗体系方面因素。三种划分方法各有其适应情况。总的来说,药物依从性众多影响因素的归类有助于药物依从性评价和临床干预,具有逻辑性强、主要内容完整且精炼的优点。
在具体的、细分的各项依从性影响因素中,不同疾病和不同药物治疗方案导致患者药物依从性的影响因素不尽相同,且各有偏重。对于疗程较长、药物治疗不良反应发生率高(耐受度低)的疾病,如结核病等,患者的心理因素、家庭支持较为关键;对于短期病情变化不显著的慢性疾病,如糖尿病等,患者对所患疾病的知晓度和自身病情状况评估的认知度会显著影响患者的药物依从性;某些重大疾病,如肿瘤,患者治疗失败的经历、经济因素等往往对患者药物依从产生较多的影响;患者生活地域偏远,则医疗条件和交通因素的影响则会加大;面对复杂的药物治疗方案,年龄大的患者比年轻患者更易表现不依从。
药物依从性的有效干预首先是基于对患者依从性影响因素的准确把握,并需要医患双方和社会的共同参与。药物依从性干预主要有行为干预和心理干预两个方向。
在行为干预方面,目前电子信息技术越来越普及,给予用药提醒可极大改善因忘记服药导致的不依从现象,对老年患者尤为适用。国外有研究报道高血压患者使用了电子提示设备后服药的依从性得到明显提高[14];在心理干预方面,可以通过给患者提供安抚和信心支持,缓解疾病带来的焦虑、抑郁等情绪,还可以辅以健康教育的方式提供帮助。健康教育的方式除了知识讲座、宣传材料发放等传统方式,新形式健康教育模式如使用微信精准科普,使用出院电话回访提高患者自我管理水平等方式的关注度正在逐步提升,新模式的拓展将更有利于提升干预效果。
行为干预和心理干预都是针对患者层面的干预,医疗技术层面的支持也格外重要。复杂的药物治疗方案,特殊疾病或人群对药品的个体化要求以及药物不良反应的发生等都会直接影响到患者服药的依从意愿,这些因素都对医生的治疗水平和药品的研发提出了更高的要求。近年来“靶向治疗”“精准医学”等理念广受关注,相关的研究飞速发展,3D打印技术也有望逐步成熟应用于特殊疾病或人群的药物研究和设计中[15],为实现真正的药物个体化治疗带来了希望。
药物依从性评价方法较多,不同的评价方法各有特点,各有优缺,目前尚不统一。对于评价方法的常见分类有两种方式,一种是分为直接评价法和间接评价法。直接评价法如药物浓度检测等,间接评价法如自陈法、电子监测法等。另外一种分类方式是分为客观评价法和主观评价法,本文选择第二种分类方式具体论述。
客观评价法主要有生物学检测、药片计数法、服药监测系统、处方药物记录等。
3.1.1 生物学检测 生物学监测是一种直接评价药物依从性的方法,该方法主要是对患者血液、尿液等生物样本的药物、药物代谢物或标记物的浓度进行定量分析,进而推测患者的服药情况。生物学检测方法的优点是准确性好,但检测有创,费用也高,患者长期配合的意愿也是重要问题。此外,生物学检测方法也不适用于半衰期短的药物,满足易于检测条件的药物十分有限,应用局限性较大。
3.1.2 药片计数法 药片计数法是一种简单、经济、普适性的方法,通过将患者服用的药物放入专用瓶中,计算特定时间内剩余药量来评价患者的依从性,在患者门诊随访、电话随访或患者家中都可以进行。该方法易于实施,但较为耗时,而且因为减少了的药物不等同于服用了的药物,药物遗失的各种不确定因素会导致患者依从性评价被高估。
3.1.3 服药监测系统 服药监测系统是通过安装在药品瓶盖内的电子元件自动记录具体的开瓶时间及开瓶次数来评价患者服药依从性。GILLESPIE[19]等验证了此方法的可靠性。服药检测系统的电子检测方法快速、精确,有着其他方法无可比拟的独特优势,曾被认为是评价药物依从性的“金标准”,但是与药片计数法相类似,药物的取出与服用并不等同,且设备价格昂贵,应用受限。
3.1.4 处方药物记录 处方药物记录是基于药房药品数据库对患者发放药物的记录来估算药物依从性的方法,是用一段时间内处方药物的天数除以此时间段内的总天数来计算。该评价方法优点是记录容易查阅,但要求记录必需完整准确。缺点是该法也无法确证药物被患者服用,可靠性不足。
主观评价方法是研究者询问患者或照料者来评价患者用药依从的情况,包括用药日记、访谈等,这些非直接测量的方法有简单、方便、经济的优点,能够使医务人员更容易了解到患者的服药态度,不过这类方法更考验患者及其照顾者的记忆能力,对诚实度也有极高的要求,有时患者的谎报和隐瞒会对评价结果产生不利影响,使医务人员高估患者的服药依从性,这是主观评价法难以避免的先天局限。
在主观评价法中最主要的评价工具是药物依从性量表。量表的种类很多,据NGUYEN等[20]统计的英语版本的药物依从性量表就有43种,加之疾病属性各异,至今尚没有某种量表等到全面认同和应用。欧洲研究中心[21]对成人器官移植患者14个依从性评价量表进行测评,标准为①条目简短并且易于计分;②在服药剂量和服药时间两方面均需被评估;③信度和效度是明确的。达到以上标准的只有Basel评估量表。总的来看,众多量表各有侧重,适用于各类患者,很多都能成为较好的药物依从性评价工具。本文主要是按照量表评价角度偏重于行为还是态度,介绍几种较常应用且公认度较高的量表。
3.2.1 偏重于依从性行为的量表 Morisky量表/问卷(Morisky Medication Adherence Scale/Questionnaire,MMAS/MAQ),最初用于评价高血压患者,后来被广泛用于多种疾病患者药物依从性的评价。该量表含有四个条目,被称为Morisky-4/MMAS-4,每个条目问题按“是”或“否”作答。回答“是”计0分,“否”计1分,总分4分,分低、中、高三个等级,对应分值为0分、1~2分、3~4分,经计算所得到的总分数越高,表示依从性越好,有回答为“是”的条目即表示依从性不佳。该量表信效度较好,但由于量表条目少,结构过于简单,区分性不高,对于评价的时间范围也没有做出限制,只适合初筛。之后的许多研究者对Morisky-4量表进行了不同程度的修改。
MMAS-8即是在Morisky-4的基础上修订提出的八个条目量表,其作答仍为是否选项,回答“是”计0分,“否”计1分。量表评分在0~8分,6分以下为依从性较低,6~7分为依从性中等,8分为依从性较高。该量表第八题使用了Liket 5级评分增加了区分度(“从不”计1分、“偶尔”计0.75分、“有时”计0.5分、“经常”计0.25分、“总是”计0分),并部分加入了评价时间的限定。该量表也同样是在高血压患者中进行验证,Cronbach’sα为0.83,灵敏度和特异性分别为0.93和0.44。目前MMAS-8已被应用于许多慢性疾病患者中[22,23],并被译成多种语言版本,它是目前应用最为广泛的药物依从性评价量表。
MMAS-8在我国也进行过检验并应用,结果显示出中文版MMAS-8量表也具有良好的信度、效度和预测价值,能够作为较理想的药物依从性临床测量工具,特别是对于慢病患者用药依从性评价极具优势。目前已有研究评价MMAS-8用于类风湿关节炎[24]等多种疾病的患者。
3.2.2 偏重于依从性态度的量表
3.2.2.1 药物态度量表(drug attitude inventory,DAI) DAI是基于健康信念模式(the health belief model,HBM)研发的量表。HBM强调主观的心理过程对行为起主导作用,通过一系列方法的有效实施,影响个体的健康观念,进而引发健康的行为。DAI最早用于测量精神分裂症患者药物依从性,现在已经有多个语种的版本,包括汉语版本。该量表有30个条目(DAI-30),分为15个正向条目和15个负向条目,每个条目作答有两个选项,答“是”计为“+1”分,答“否”则计为“-1”分,计算得出的总分越高表明患者的药物依从性越好。在DAI-30之后,有研究者将其简化为10个条目的量表(DAI-10),此量表有6个正向条目和4个负向条目,内容更加简明,同时具有和30条目量表相似的信效度。
3.2.2.2 服药信念量表(the beliefs about medicine questionnaire,BMQ) BMQ量表是基于慢性疾病患者服药信念的质性访谈编制而来,BMQ包含有两个量表,对所有药物的一般信念量表(BMQ-General)和对某一类药物的特异信念量表(BMQ-Specific),特异信念量表可以根据研究内容的不同进行替换。一般信念量表含General-Harm和General-Overuse量表两部分组成,分别有4个条目;在特异量表中,又有BMQ-necessity和BMQ-concerns量表两部分组成,分别有8个条目和10个条目。量表使用的是Liket 5级评分,从“极其不同意”到“极其同意”,计1~5分。在特异量表中,BMQ-necessity量表是评价患者对服药必要性的态度,总分5~40分,得分越高表示用药自信心越强。BMQ-concerns量表是评价患者对服药不适的担忧,总分10~50分,得分越高表示患者用药顾虑越大。
在我国,吴密彬等[25]评价了中文版BMQ在乳腺癌患者内分泌治疗中的应用,通过204例乳腺癌患者进行的信效度测试,结果表明患者的服药信念和药物依从性密切相关,中文版BMQ可用作评价乳腺癌内分泌治疗患者在服药信念方面的工具。
3.2.2.3 自我效能量表(self-efficacy scale,SES) 自我效能(self-efficacy)是指人们对执行及坚持某一特定行为能力的自信心,它是患者通过坚持和努力达到期望结果的信念,能够反映患者的自我管理的水平,自我效能水平越高,自我管理的水平就越好[26]。自我效能类量表主要包括一般自我效能量表、适当用药自我效能量表和长期服药行为自我效能量表。
一般自我效能量表(general self-efficacy scale,GSES) 是当前应用最为普遍的自我效能量表,在研发之后经过了多次的修订,并已被翻译成多国版本。该量表一共有10项,使用4级评分,分数越高说明患者的服药信心越强。目前已有研究者将GSES引入我国,并有其他研究者将其应用于高血压患者的测量[27]。
适当用药的自我效能量表(the self-efficacy for appropriate medication use scale,SEAMS),在开发后精简为13个条目,包含两个维度。量表要求患者回答在13种情形之下,是否对坚持服药具有坚定的自信心。量表的作答采用的是Liket 3级式:无信心(1分),有点信心(2分),非常有信心(3分),各条目分数之和为总得分,总分13~39分,得分越高,说明患者药物依从性越好。该量表信效度较好[28,29],已有中文版本,适用于慢性疾病如高血压、高脂血等患者的药物依从性的评价,但在分值计算方面有不够省时方便的缺点。
长期服药行为自我效能量表(long-term medication behavior self-efficacy scale,LTMBSES)主要是针对需长期坚持服药的患者,可用于多种疾病的自我效能测量。该量表也有中文版本,条目数量有27个,分为3个维度,包括个人态度、环境因素、任务相关及行为因素,采用Likert 5级评分,1~5分表示患者从“极度缺乏信心”到“有十足的信心”,各条目分数相加后总分越高表示长期坚持服药的自我效能水平越高。
由于自我效能量表主要是反应患者服药的信心,在慢性病药物依从性评估方面较为适用,有广泛的应用前景。
3.2.3 综合型评价量表 药物依从性比率量表(Medication Adherence Rating Scale,MARS)是综合了Morisky量表和DAI量表开发编制的,最初在精神分裂症患者中验证,从用药态度、信念和行为三方面评价。该量表设置10个条目评分,第1~4个条目与MAQ量表的四个条目相同,第5~10个条目是DAI量表的条目。每个条目有“是”和“否”两个选项,一般是答“否”计1分,第7和第8条目答“是”计1分。MARS量表兼具了Morisky量表和DAI的优点,但目前主要是在精神疾病患者中使用,在其他慢性疾病中的使用有一定的限制。
3.2.4 国内药物依从性评价量表研究的发展情况 国内研究者对于药物依从性评价量表的研究也做了许多积极探索,但目前较为常见的还是沿用国外的量表进行中文并在此基础上进行修订编制,如李娜等[30]对中文的口服化疗药物依从性量表(oral chemotherapy adherence scale,OCAS)进行的测评。在有关中文修订量表的大量研究报道中,多数编制量表的信效度都有较好的结果。
药物依从性不良的因素和表现繁多复杂,量表编制时内容的全面与较高的内部一致性要求也不易兼顾,虽然我国药物依从性量表研究逐渐增多,但仍存在一些问题,如文化及环境的差异,适用性的不确定,许多自编量表缺乏可靠的信效度检测,有些则存在样本量过少、评价条目过少或评测不全面等。但随着研究的不断发展和深入,研究病种的增加和样本量的增大,将会构建出更加简洁高效,适用性、可行性、准确性更好的药物依从性量表。
药物依从性问题是全球性挑战,内容涵盖治疗药物及辅助性治疗药物[31],其影响因素复杂,依从性评价也并非易事;尽管目前已经有了许多种较为可靠的评价方法,但还是没有能够得到公认的“金标准”。目前客观评价法与主观评价法都有许多应用,但单一的评价方法有时还难以满足使用需求,临床研究中,研究者可以根据研究目的、背景及实际可行性等综合采取两种及以上的评价方法,特别是结合客观方法与主观方法,以提高测量结果的准确性。
慢性疾病的药物治疗对于患者药物依从性要求较高,但目前药物依从性评价聚焦的慢性疾病还比较有限,有待进一步拓展。在药物评价方法的建立上,简单、经济、有效始终是研究者努力的方向,相信在更好地结合心理学、行为学以及社会学等理论之后,药物依从性评价方法将更加完善,其长足发展会为促进患者药物依从性的提升发挥更大作用。
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Interest in patient adherence has increased in recent years, with a growing literature that shows the pervasiveness of poor adherence to appropriately prescribed medications. However, four decades of adherence research has not resulted in uniformity in the terminology used to describe deviations from prescribed therapies. The aim of this review was to propose a new taxonomy, in which adherence to medications is conceptualized, based on behavioural and pharmacological science, and which will support quantifiable parameters. A systematic literature review was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library and PsycINFO from database inception to 1 April 2009. The objective was to identify the different conceptual approaches to adherence research. Definitions were analyzed according to time and methodological perspectives. A taxonomic approach was subsequently derived, evaluated and discussed with international experts. More than 10 different terms describing medication-taking behaviour were identified through the literature review, often with differing meanings. The conceptual foundation for a new, transparent taxonomy relies on three elements, which make a clear distinction between processes that describe actions through established routines ('Adherence to medications', 'Management of adherence') and the discipline that studies those processes ('Adherence-related sciences'). 'Adherence to medications' is the process by which patients take their medication as prescribed, further divided into three quantifiable phases: 'Initiation', 'Implementation' and 'Discontinuation'. In response to the proliferation of ambiguous or unquantifiable terms in the literature on medication adherence, this research has resulted in a new conceptual foundation for a transparent taxonomy. The terms and definitions are focused on promoting consistency and quantification in terminology and methods to aid in the conduct, analysis and interpretation of scientific studies of medication adherence.
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DOI:10.2147/PPA
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Background:Adherence to medication is an issue of great importance for patients with ulcerative colitis. Once daily mesalazine seems to be no worse than divided doses in preventing relapse in remitting patients. Although this has been attributed to improved adherence, detailed measures of adherence have been lacking from previous studies.Methods:A 1-year substudy was conducted alongside a trial that compared 2 different dosing regimens (once daily versus three times daily) of mesalazine for patients in remission with ulcerative colitis. Participants in the substudy had their adherence monitored electronically using the medication event monitoring system, self-report, and tablet counts. We compared measures, determined factors associated with adherence and associations between adherence and relapse, modeled adherence over time, and explored behavioral aspects.Results:We included 58 participants. Adherence was high across all measures (89.3% self-report, 96.7% tablet counts, and 89.2% medication event monitoring system). Agreement between the measures was poor at times. Adherence according to the medication event monitoring system best distinguished between the participants who relapsed (71.4%) and those who remained in remission (93.4%), although this difference was not statistically discernible at the 5% level. Adherence deteriorated over the study period, with three times daily participants generally less adherent than once-daily participants (odds ratio, 0.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.08). Adherence was higher on weekdays (odds ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.31-1.65) and around clinic visit dates (odds ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-1.72).Conclusions:Simple dosing regimens are preferable to multiple daily dosing regimens. Electronic monitoring of adherence should be used more often in clinical studies. Self-reported adherence and tablet counts may underestimate adherence. Adherence declined over time, and adherence was generally lower and more varied for those allocated to the three times daily regimen.
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AIMS: Medication non-adherence is a significant health problem. There are numerous methods for measuring adherence, but no single method performs well on all criteria. The purpose of this systematic review is to (i) identify self-report medication adherence scales that have been correlated with comparison measures of medication-taking behaviour, (ii) assess how these scales measure adherence and (iii) explore how these adherence scales have been validated. METHODS: Cinahl and PubMed databases were used to search articles written in English on the development or validation of medication adherence scales dating to August 2012. The search terms used were medication adherence, medication non-adherence, medication compliance and names of each scale. Data such as barriers identified and validation comparison measures were extracted and compared. RESULTS: Sixty articles were included in the review, which consisted of 43 adherence scales. Adherence scales include items that either elicit information regarding the patient's medication-taking behaviour and/or attempts to identify barriers to good medication-taking behaviour or beliefs associated with adherence. The validation strategies employed depended on whether the focus of the scale was to measure medication-taking behaviour or identify barriers or beliefs. CONCLUSIONS: Supporting patients to be adherent requires information on their medication-taking behaviour, barriers to adherence and beliefs about medicines. Adherence scales have the potential to explore these aspects of adherence, but currently there has been a greater focus on measuring medication-taking behaviour. Selecting the 'right' adherence scale(s) requires consideration of what needs to be measured and how (and in whom) the scale has been validated.
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There is no patient-reported medication adherence measure that has been validated in Singapore. This study aimed to validate the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) in patients taking warfarin in Singapore. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a convenience sample of 151 patients taking warfarin at an anticoagulation clinic in 2011. Respondents completed the MMAS in English or Chinese depending on their preference. The MMAS had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.56 and good criterion-related validity as the scale scores were associated with warfarin refill rates (p = 0.04). Respondents with higher MMAS scores were found to have a higher percentage of International Normalised Ratios (INRs) within the therapeutic range (p = 0.01), higher adherence to diet recommendations (p = 0.02), and less perceived difficulty in taking all medications (p < 0.001); they were also more likely to take warfarin at the same time every day (p < 0.001). Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the eight items loaded onto one factor (RMSEA = 0.03). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the MMAS for identifying patients with poor INR control were 73.0%, 35.6%, 49.5% and 60.5%, respectively, using the time in the therapeutic INR range as the gold standard. This study shows that the 8-item MMAS has good validity and moderate reliability in patients taking warfarin. Future research is needed to investigate the scale's psychometric properties in other patient populations and clinical settings.
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AIMS: To translate and examine the psychometric properties of the Malaysian version of the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) among patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A standard
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DOI:10.1345/aph.1Q652
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