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医药导报, 2023, 42(1): 6-11
doi: 10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2023.01.002
《根据CYP2D6、OPRM1和COMT基因型选择阿片类药物治疗方案的临床药物遗传学实施联盟指南》解读
Interpretation of Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for CYP2D6,OPRM1,and COMT Genotypes and Select Opioid Therapy
谢菡1,, 胡美玲2, 葛卫红1,, 周玉皆3,, 王鑫梅2

摘要:

阿片类药物被广泛用于中度至重度疼痛的治疗,然而其镇痛效果及不良反应存在广泛的个体差异。药物遗传学研究表明,基因多态性与上述个体差异有密切关系,研究较多的为CYP2D6、 μ阿片受体(OPRM1)和儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶(COMT)等基因的多态性。2021年2月,临床药物遗传学实施联盟(CPIC)发布了《根据CYP2D6、OPRM1和COMT基因型选择阿片类药物治疗方案的临床药物遗传学实施联盟指南》。该文对指南进行解读,总结CYP2D6、OPRM1和COMT基因多态性对阿片类药物镇痛效果和不良反应的影响,同时提出基于CYP2D6基因型指导临床使用可待因、曲马多和氢可酮等阿片类药物的治疗建议,以期为临床个体化用药提供参考。

关键词: 阿片类药物; 药物遗传学; 基因多态性; 指南解读

Abstract:

Opioids are widely used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain.However,there are wide inter-individual variabilities in analgesic efficacy and adverse reactions.Pharmacogenetics study shows that gene polymorphism was closely related to the above interindividual variabilities,and more research was focused on CYP2D6 (cytochrome P450 2D6),μ opioid receptor (OPRM1),and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).In February 2021,the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) issued Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for CYP2D6,OPRM1,and COMT Genotypes and Select Opioid Therapy.Therefore,to provide the basis for individualized clinical medication,this paper interprets the guidelines,including summarizing CYP2D6,OPRM1,and COMT gene polymorphism of opioid analgesic effect and adverse reactions and putting forward treatment suggestions based on CYP2D6 genotype to guide clinical use codeine,tramadol,and hydrocodone.

Key words: Opioids; Pharmacogenetics; Gene polymorphism; Guide interpretation

开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)

阿片类药物是常用的镇痛药,广泛用于治疗中至重度疼痛,其镇痛效果、有效剂量以及不良反应存在极大的个体差异[1]。造成个体差异的原因可能与疼痛感知差异、社会文化、环境、性别、年龄和遗传变异有关,其中,遗传变异占主导地位[2]。这些变异可能归因于与阿片类药物代谢动力学和药效学有关基因的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)[3]。多个基因SNP如 μ阿片受体(μ opioid receptor,OPRM1)(A118G)、儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶(catechol-O-methyltransferase,COMT)(rs4680)及CYP3A4*1G、CYP2D6等已被证实与阿片类药物镇痛密切相关[4]。基于此,2021年2月,临床药物遗传学实施联盟(Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium,CPIC)发布了《根据CYP2D6、OPRM1和COMT基因型选择阿片类药物治疗方案的临床药物遗传学实施联盟指南》(简称《指南》)[5]。该《指南》更新并扩展了2014年发布的《根据CYP2D6基因型选择可待因治疗方案的临床药物遗传学实施联盟指南》[6]。《指南》内容主要包括总结CYP2D6、OPRM1和COMT基因多态性对阿片类药物药动学和(或)药效学方面的影响,并提出基于CYP2D6基因型指导临床使用可待因、曲马多和氢可酮等阿片类药物的治疗建议。本文对该《指南》内容进行详细解读,以期为临床基于基因多态性开展阿片类药物个体化用药提供参考,提高临床阿片类药物使用疗效,减少毒副作用,节省医疗支出,促进患者用药安全、有效和经济。

1 CYP2D6、OPRM1、COMT基因多态性对阿片类药物的影响
1.1 CYP2D6基因多态性

CYP2D6是CYP450家族中的最重要的氧化代谢酶之一。可待因、曲马多等常用阿片类镇痛药都是作为前体药物通过CYP2D6脱甲基化成活性代谢物才具有药理作用,因此,CYP2D6酶活性对这些阿片类药物发挥临床疗效具有关键性作用。而CYP2D6基因多态性对酶的活性又有着至关重要的影响。迄今为止,已发现的CYP2D6基因变异超过130种[7],不同等位基因的组合用于确定不同的双倍型。将CYP2D6每个等位基因活性值范围设为0~1,0为无功能(例如CYP2D6*3~*6),0.25或0.5为功能下降(例如CYP2D6*9、*10、*17、*29和*41),1为正常功能(例如CYP2D6*1、*2和*35),若等位基因包含功能基因的多个拷贝,则该值乘以存在的拷贝数,因此,CYP2D6活性评分是每个等位基因的活性值总和,通常范围为0~3[8]。《指南》根据CYP2D6酶的活性评分将其分为4种表型:慢代谢型(poor metabolizer,PM)、中间代谢型(intermediate metabolizer,IM)、正常代谢型(normal metabolizer,NM)、超快代谢型(ultrarapid metabolizer,UM)。CYP2D6活性评分及患者的双倍型与表型转化关系见表1。

表1 基于患者的双倍型预测CYP2D6表型
Tab.1 Assignment of predicted CYP2D6 phenotypes based on diplotypes
表型 活性评分范围 活性评分 CYP2D6双倍型示例
CYP2D6超快代谢型 >2.25 >2.25 *1/*1×N、*1/*2×
N、*2/*2×N
CYP2D6正常代谢型 1.25~≤ 2.25 1.25 *1/*10
1.5 *1/*41、 *1/*9
1.75 *10/*41×3
2.0 *1/*1、 *1/*2
2.25 *2×2/*10
CYP2D6中间代谢型 0~<1.25 0.25 *4/*10
0.5 *4/*41、 *10/*10
0.75 *10/*41
1.0 *41/*41、 *1/*5
CYP2D6慢代谢型 0 0 *3/*4、*4/*4,*5/
*5、*5/*6

*N表示等位基因的拷贝数。

*N represents the copy number of the allele.

表1 基于患者的双倍型预测CYP2D6表型

Tab.1 Assignment of predicted CYP2D6 phenotypes based on diplotypes

1.1.1 CYP2D6基因多态性对可待因的影响 可待因是一种在临床中广泛使用的前药,具有镇痛、镇咳和止泻的作用。可待因通过CYP2D6去甲基化形成吗啡。与可待因比较,吗啡对 μ阿片受体的亲和力高200倍,镇痛效力高50倍[9]。CYP2D6代谢表型与可待因形成吗啡具有相关性[10]。对接受可待因的健康志愿者开展药动学研究,结果表明正常代谢型和中间代谢型的志愿者均可产生镇痛作用,而慢代谢型志愿者使用可待因后产生的镇痛作用与使用安慰药比较无显著差异[10]。与正常代谢型和中间代谢型比较,可待因慢代谢型患者的血清中吗啡的血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC)、峰浓度(peak concentration,Cmax)的平均值分别降低了96%和95%。相反,CYP2D6超快代谢型中可待因向吗啡的转化增加,血清中吗啡的AUC比正常代谢型高了45%,因此,即使服用小剂量可待因也可达到吗啡的全身毒性浓度。在不良反应发生方面,慢代谢型的胃肠道不良反应的发生率比正常代谢型低,但中枢不良反应无差异[11]。此外,《指南》中特别指出,应注意基因分型为正常代谢型的患者,因为此表型存在很大程度的变异性[12],一些受试者可能出现与基因分型为超快代谢型的患者相似的症状。

1.1.2 CYP2D6基因多态性对曲马多的影响 曲马多是一种人工合成的阿片类药物,对术后疼痛有显著的镇痛作用。与可待因类似,曲马多也是经CYP2D6代谢的一种前药,CYP2D6将其转化为其活性代谢物(+)-O-去甲基曲马多。(+)-O-去甲基曲马多对 μ阿片受体的亲和力比母体化合物高200倍,因此,(+)-O-去甲基曲马多的形成是有效镇痛的关键[13]。药动学研究显示,与正常代谢型比较,在CYP2D6慢代谢型的患者中,(+)-O-去甲基曲马多的血药浓度明显降低[14]。在接受曲马多用于术后镇痛的患者中,慢代谢型患者的 (+)-O-去甲基曲马多AUC在0~11 ng·h·mL-1范围内波动,而正常代谢型在17~118 ng·h·mL-1范围内波动,这表明使用曲马多进行术后镇痛的慢代谢型患者与正常代谢基因型患者相比效果不足[14]。并且,在前瞻性临床试验中,与CYP2D6正常代谢型比较,曲马多在慢代谢型患者中几乎不产生镇痛作用这一说法得到验证[15,16]。基于这一证据,《指南》提出CYP2D6慢代谢型降低了曲马多的临床疗效[17]。而在超快代谢型的患者中,(+)-O-去甲基曲马多的Cmax和AUC均增高[14],镇痛作用也增强,其不良反应如瞳孔缩小、恶心等发生率也更高。已有病例报道超快代谢型患者使用标准剂量曲马多后产生重度或危及生命的不良反应[18]

1.1.3 CYP2D6基因多态性对氢可酮的影响 氢可酮是一种半合成的阿片类药物,类似于吗啡和可待因。在CYP2D6正常代谢型中,约5%的氢可酮被CYP2D6 O-去甲基化形成次要代谢产物氢吗啡酮,与母体药物比较,氢吗啡酮对μ阿片受体的亲和力高100倍[19],氢吗啡酮及氢可酮的血药浓度与镇痛效果的关系尚不清楚。在接受氢可酮的健康志愿者中,CYP2D6慢代谢型志愿者的氢吗啡酮Cmax比正常代谢型显著降低[20],但这是否会影响镇痛效果尚缺乏足够的证据。氢可酮在CYP2D6超快代谢型中药动学或镇痛效果发生改变的证据也较为缺乏。《指南》总结了一些表明CYP2D6慢代谢型可能会减少氢可酮代谢为活性更强的氢吗啡酮的证据,但目前仍无法确定对氢可酮药动学的影响是否会对其镇痛作用或不良反应产生影响。

1.1.4 CYP2D6基因多态性对羟考酮的影响 羟考酮是一种半合成的阿片类药物,通常用于急性和慢性术后疼痛。在CYP2D6正常代谢型中,约11%的羟考酮被CYP2D6 O-去甲基化形成次要代谢产物羟吗啡酮,与母体药物比较,羟吗啡酮对μ阿片受体的亲和力高60倍[19]。虽然羟吗啡酮的μ阿片受体亲和力远高于母体药物,但有研究表明母体药物羟考酮可能是缓解疼痛的主要药物[21]。在接受羟考酮用于术后镇痛的患者中,与正常代谢型比较,CYP2D6慢代谢型患者产生的羟吗啡酮的Cmax降低67%[22]。前瞻性临床研究表明,CYP2D6代谢型表型与羟考酮镇痛作用和毒性具有相关性,但也有研究显示在接受羟考酮的受试者中,CYP2D6超快代谢型和正常代谢型的羟吗啡酮血药浓度无显著差异[23]。《指南》提出,由于这些研究结果互相矛盾且样本量较小,特别是对于超快代谢型,CYP2D6代谢表型是否影响羟考酮效果或不良反应尚无定论。

1.1.5 CYP2D6基因多态性对美沙酮的影响 美沙酮是一种合成阿片类镇痛药,目前被用于对阿片类药物依赖的维持治疗[24]。《指南》指出,美沙酮由CYP2D6代谢为无活性代谢物的程度较小,因此,CYP2D6基因多态性对美沙酮的镇痛效果、有效剂量及不良反应影响较小。

1.2 COMT的基因多态性

COMT是一种使神经系统中多巴胺、肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素失活的酶。这些神经递质参与许多生理过程,包括疼痛调节。根据不同基因型,COMT酶活性可分为高活性(Val/Val)、中活性(Val/Met)和低活性(Met/Met)[25]。RAKVAG等[26]研究发现,Val158Met的多态性影响患者的疼痛知觉,Met/Met基因型对疼痛最为敏感,从而影响阿片类药物的有效剂量。但也有研究调查了Val158Met基因变异与美沙酮、可待因、曲马多、芬太尼和羟考酮镇痛效果之间的相关性,结果显示相关性并不显著[27,28,29]。因此,COMT基因变异与阿片类药物镇痛效果之间的关系仍然不确定。

1.3 OPRM1的基因多态性

OPRM1是目前使用的大多数阿片类药物的主要作用受体,也是发挥镇痛、耐受和依赖等效应的关键性靶位因素,因此,OPRM1基因多态性是影响阿片类药物疗效的主要因素[30]。OPRM1基因有多个位点发生突变,其中A118G是常见的SNPs。临床研究显示这一突变显著影响了阿片类药物的临床疗效[31]。有研究提示118G携带者手术后使用吗啡镇痛有效剂量增加10%[4]。但由于缺乏相关文献报道,OPRM1基因多态性对美沙酮、羟考酮和曲马多的镇痛效果影响仍不确定。

2 根据基因多态性选择阿片类药物的治疗建议
2.1 根据CYP2D6基因多态性选择阿片类药物

2.1.1 可待因与曲马多 CYP2D6基因变异对可待因和曲马多至关重要,因为它们影响药物的镇痛效果和不良反应。《指南》中对可待因和曲马多的建议是,对于CYP2D6正常代谢型的患者,使用说明书推荐的可待因或曲马多的年龄特异性或体质量特异性的起始剂量。对于中间代谢型也建议按照说明书推荐的起始剂量,并密切监测此类患者是否出现不良反应,如有必要,应提供替代镇痛药。对于CYP2D6慢代谢型,因可能出现镇痛效果不佳的情况,应避免使用可待因和曲马多,而选择其他替代镇痛药。由于文献中没有足够的证据推荐慢代谢型使用更大剂量的可待因或曲马多,特别是考虑到慢代谢型和正常代谢型之间一些不良事件没有差异[10],因此,《指南》中未推荐加大药物的剂量。对于CYP2D6超快代谢型,《指南》建议不应使用可待因或曲马多,以避免出现重度中毒风险。根据治疗疼痛的类型、严重程度和长期性,非阿片类镇痛药和不受CYP2D6表型影响的其他阿片类药物是CYP2D6慢代谢型和超快代谢型患者的替代治疗。基于CYP2D6表型的可待因和曲马多治疗建议总结见表2、表3。

表2 基于CYP2D6表型的可待因治疗建议
Tab.2 Codeine therapy recommendations based on CYP2D6 phenotype
表型 影响 建议 推荐等级
超快速代谢型 吗啡形成增加 避免使用可待因,若需要使
用阿片类药物,考虑使用
非曲马多的阿片类药物。
正常代谢型 预期值的吗啡 使用可待因说明书推荐的年 中等强度
形成 龄特异性或体质量特异性
剂量。
中间代谢型 吗啡形成减少 使用可待因说明书推荐的年
龄特异性或体质量特异性
剂量,若效果不佳且需要
使用阿片类药物,考虑使
用非曲马多的阿片类药物。
慢代谢型 吗啡形成大量 避免使用可待因,若需要使
减少 用阿片类药物,考虑使用
非曲马多的阿片类药物。

表2 基于CYP2D6表型的可待因治疗建议

Tab.2 Codeine therapy recommendations based on CYP2D6 phenotype

表3 基于CYP2D6表型的曲马多治疗建议
Tab.3 Tramadol therapy recommendations based on CYP2D6 phenotype
表型 影响 建议 推荐等级
超快速代谢型 O-去甲基曲马多 避免使用曲马多,若需要
形成增加 使用阿片类药物,考虑
使用非可待因的阿片类
药物。
正常代谢型 预期值的O-去 使用曲马多说明书推荐的
甲基曲马多形 年龄特异性或体质量特
异性剂量。
中间代谢型 O-去甲基曲马多 使用曲马多说明书推荐的 可选择
形成减少 年龄特异性或体质量特
异性剂量,若效果不佳
且需要使用阿片类药
物,考虑使用非可待因
的阿片类药物。
慢代谢型 O-去甲基曲马多 避免使用曲马多,若需要
形成大量减少 使用阿片类药物,考虑
使用非可待因的阿片类
药物。

表3 基于CYP2D6表型的曲马多治疗建议

Tab.3 Tramadol therapy recommendations based on CYP2D6 phenotype

2.1.2 氢可酮 《指南》对氢可酮的建议是,对于CYP2D6中间代谢型和慢代谢型,推荐使用氢可酮说明书推荐的年龄特异性或体质量特异性给药。由于目前尚不清楚增加氢可酮的剂量是否会影响中间代谢型或慢代谢型的镇痛效果,因此,《指南》提出,若CYP2D6中间代谢型和慢代谢型患者对氢可酮无反应时,不能增加剂量,而应考虑使用替代镇痛药即非阿片类药物或不受CYP2D6表型影响的阿片类药物。对于CYP2D6超快代谢型,由于目前缺乏足够的证据,《指南》中未提供指导临床实践的建议。基于CYP2D6表型的氢可酮治疗建议总结见表4。

表4 基于CYP2D6表型的氢可酮治疗建议
Tab.4 Hydrocodone therapy recommendations based on CYP2D6 phenotype
表型 影响 建议 推荐等级
超快速代谢型 药动学或临床效 无治疗建议。 无建议
应的证据少
正常代谢型 预期值的氢吗啡 使用氢可酮说明书推荐的年龄特
酮形成 异性或体质量特异性剂量。
中间代谢型 药动学或临床效 使用氢可酮说明书推荐的年龄特 可选择
应的证据少 异性或体质量特异性剂量。若
效果不佳且需要使用阿片类药
物,考虑使用非可待因、曲马多
的阿片类药物。
慢代谢型 氢吗啡酮形成减 使用氢可酮说明书推荐的年龄特 可选择
异性或体质量特异性剂量。若
效果不佳且需要使用阿片类药
物,考虑使用非可待因、曲马多
的阿片类药物。

表4 基于CYP2D6表型的氢可酮治疗建议

Tab.4 Hydrocodone therapy recommendations based on CYP2D6 phenotype

2.1.3 羟考酮与美沙酮 对于羟考酮和美沙酮,目前证据不足,不同CYP2D6基因型与羟考酮和美沙酮个体差异之间的关系尚不明确,因此,《指南》没有提供根据CYP2D6基因型为羟考酮或美沙酮指导临床实践的建议。

2.2 OPRM1、COMT

由于目前没有足够的证据,因此,《指南》中尚无基于OPRM1或COMT基因型的阿片类药物给药的治疗建议。

3 基因多态性对特殊人群使用阿片类药物的影响
3.1 儿童和青少年

临床研究发现,儿童在使用治疗剂量的可待因后,CYP2D6超快速代谢型患儿可出现严重呼吸抑制和死亡[32]。对于扁桃体切除术后使用处方可待因的儿童来说,与无任何正常功能等位基因的儿童比较,如果至少有一个正常功能CYP2D6等位基因,那么该患儿的药物不良反应发生率将大大升高[33]。美国食品药品管理局(FDA)于2013年评估了可待因的安全性特征,并发布了关于可待因和含可待因产品用于儿童扁桃体和(或)腺样体切除术后疼痛管理的风险的黑框警告[4]。目前,全球已有包括FDA和欧洲药品管理局在内的多个监管机构反对12岁以下儿童以及扁桃体和(或)腺样体切除术后的18岁以下青少年使用可待因和曲马多[10]。出于同样的原因,FDA最近建议12岁以下儿童和18岁以下青少年在耳、鼻、喉手术后不要使用曲马多,并警告肥胖或患有肺部疾病的儿童谨慎使用曲马多[34]。2018年《阿片类药物在慢性非癌性疼痛中的规范化应用》建议阿片类药物应仅在特殊情况下以及在儿童和青少年的疼痛治疗专门机构中考虑使用[35]

3.2 哺乳期妇女

对于哺乳期妇女,FDA已在说明书中增加警告,即服用可待因或曲马多时不建议哺乳[36,37]。已有证据表明母亲摄入可待因会导致婴儿过度嗜睡、哺乳困难或严重呼吸问题等[4]。可待因及其代谢产物(包括吗啡)可分泌至人乳汁中,浓度通常较低且呈剂量依赖性,但CYP2D6超快代谢型的哺乳期女性在标准剂量的可待因治疗期间吗啡可达到较高的血药浓度,这可能导致乳汁中吗啡水平升高,从而使母乳喂养的婴儿暴露于高浓度的吗啡中[38]。研究报道1例接受可待因的超快代谢型母亲的母乳喂养新生儿发生致死性阿片类药物中毒事件[39]。另一方面,美国妇产科学会为产后疼痛管理提供的临床建议指出哺乳期妇女未经治疗或治疗不充分的疼痛也会对产后母亲及其母乳喂养的婴儿产生不良后果[40]。因此,根据基因型使用适当的镇痛药物为哺乳期妇女进行疼痛治疗至关重要。

4 结束语

通过解读CPIC发布的《指南》,明确根据检测患者的基因型来指导阿片类药物个体化给药方案的制定,可以最大程度地发挥阿片类药物的镇痛效应,减少不良反应,实现阿片类药物在临床上的精准治疗。然而,迄今为止,阿片类药物遗传学尚未被临床广泛应用,只有美国少数机构真正采用CYP2D6基因分型来指导可待因或曲马多的使用。此外,临床上更常用的其他阿片类药物的基因多态性相关指南尚属空白。因此,利用药物遗传学指导阿片类药物治疗仍然是一个有前途的领域,也是探索个体化镇痛方式、提高镇痛满意度、减少镇痛不良反应的必要途径。基因多态性与阿片类药物镇痛的关系尚有待进一步研究。

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Acute nociceptive pain management in children is a major public health concern. Effective and safe pain treatment is essential, but safety data cannot be simply extrapolated from adults to children due to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic specificities. In addition, the frequent absence of child-specific data, the difficulty to assess drug tolerability, and the infants' inability to communicate properly and voluntarily report adverse drug reactions make children more vulnerable to safety issues. Awareness of the possible toxicity of analgesics is important but should not lead to suboptimal dosing and underuse of analgesia. A better assessment and individualization of treatment should allow effective prescribing of analgesics in more secure conditions. This article aims to review the safety of acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids in children and the precautions that should be taken. © 2019 The Authors Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics © 2019 American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.
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关键词(key words)
阿片类药物
药物遗传学
基因多态性
指南解读

Opioids
Pharmacogenetics
Gene polymorphism
Guide interpretation

作者
谢菡
胡美玲
葛卫红
周玉皆
王鑫梅

XIE Han
HU Meiling
GE Weihong
ZHOU Yujie
WANG Xinmei